Dear Ms. Robinson,

The Warblers Choir is happy to announce that we are invited to compete in the International Young Choir Competition. The competition takes place in London on May 20. Though we wish to participate in the event, we do not have the necessary funds to travel to London. So we are kindly asking you to support us by coming to our fundraising concert. It will be held on March 26. In this concert, we shall be able to show you how big our passion for music is. Thank you in advance for your kind support and help.

Sincerely,
Arnold Reynolds

The principal stepped on stage. “Now, I present this year’s top academic award to the student who has achieved the highest placing.” He smiled at the row of seats where twelve finalists had gathered. Zoe wiped a sweaty hand on her handkerchief and glanced at the other finalists. They all looked as pale and uneasy as herself. Zoe and one of the other finalists had won first placing in four subjects so it came down to how teachers ranked their hard work and confidence. “The Trophy for General Excellence is awarded to Miss Zoe Perry,” the principal declared. “Could Zoe step this way, please?” Zoe felt as if she were in heaven. She walked into the thunder of applause with a big smile.

When I was in the army, my instructors would show up in my barracks room, and the first thing they would inspect was our bed. It was a simple task, but every morning we were required to make our bed to perfection. It seemed a little ridiculous at the time, but the wisdom of this simple act has been proven to me many times over. If you make your bed every morning, you will have accomplished the first task of the day. It will give you a small sense of pride and it will encourage you to do another task and another. By the end of the day, that one task completed will have turned into many tasks completed. If you can’t do little things right, you will never do the big things right.
* barracks room: (병영의) 생활관
** accomplish: 성취하다

A job search is not a passive task. When you are searching, you are not browsing, nor are you “just looking”. Browsing is not an effective way to reach a goal you claim to want to reach. If you are acting with purpose, if you are serious about anything you chose to do, then you need to be direct, focused and whenever possible, clever. Everyone else searching for a job has the same goal, competing for the same jobs. You must do more than the rest of the herd. Regardless of how long it may take you to find and get the job you want, being proactive will logically get you results faster than if you rely only on browsing online job boards and emailing an occasional resume. Leave those activities to the rest of the sheep.

Many people view sleep as merely a “down time” when their brain shuts off and their body rests. In a rush to meet work, school, family, or household responsibilities, people cut back on their sleep, thinking it won’t be a problem, because all of these other activities seem much more important. But research reveals that a number of vital tasks carried out during sleep help to maintain good health and enable people to function at their best. While you sleep, your brain is hard at work forming the pathways necessary for learning and creating memories and new insights. Without enough sleep, you can’t focus and pay attention or respond quickly. A lack of sleep may even cause mood problems. In addition, growing evidence shows that a continuous lack of sleep increases the risk for developing serious diseases.
* vital: 매우 중요한

The whole of human society operates on knowing the future weather. For example, farmers in India know when the monsoon rains will come next year and so they know when to plant the crops. Farmers in Indonesia know there are two monsoon rains each year, so next year they can have two harvests. This is based on their knowledge of the past, as the monsoons have always come at about the same time each year in living memory. But the need to predict goes deeper than this; it influences every part of our lives. Our houses, roads, railways, airports, offices, and so on are all designed for the local climate. For example, in England all the houses have central heating, as the outside temperature is usually below 20°C, but no air­-conditioning, as temperatures rarely go beyond 26°C, while in Australia the opposite is true: most houses have air­-conditioning but rarely central heating.

Our ability to accurately recognize and label emotions is often referred to as emotional granularity. In the words of Harvard psychologist Susan David, “Learning to label emotions with a more nuanced vocabulary can be absolutely transformative.” David explains that if we don’t have a rich emotional vocabulary, it is difficult to communicate our needs and to get the support that we need from others. But those who are able to distinguish between a range of various emotions “do much, much better at managing the ups and downs of ordinary existence than those who see everything in black and white.” In fact, research shows that the process of labeling emotional experience is related to greater emotion regulation and psychosocial well­-being.
* nuanced: 미묘한 차이가 있는

The above graph shows the percentage of people in the UK who used online courses and online learning materials, by age group in 2020. ① In each age group, the percentage of people who used online learning materials was higher than that of people who used online courses. ② The 25-34 age group had the highest percentage of people who used online courses in all the age groups. ③ Those aged 65 and older were the least likely to use online courses among the six age groups. ④ Among the six age groups, the gap between the percentage of people who used online courses and that of people who used online learning materials was the greatest in the 16-24 age group. ⑤ In each of the 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64 age groups, more than one in five people used online learning materials.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a scientist well known for his cell research. He was born in Delft, the Netherlands, on October 24, 1632. At the age of 16, he began to learn job skills in Amsterdam. At the age of 22,  Leeuwenhoek returned to Delft. It wasn’t easy for Leeuwenhoek to become a scientist. He knew only one language — Dutch — which was quite unusual for scientists of his time. But his curiosity was endless, and he worked hard. He had an important skill. He knew how to make things out of glass. This skill came in handy when he made lenses for his simple microscope. He saw tiny veins with blood flowing through them. He also saw living bacteria in pond water. He paid close attention to the things he saw and wrote down his observations. Since he couldn’t draw well, he hired an artist to draw pictures of what he described.
* cell: 세포 ** vein: 혈관

We usually get along best with people who we think are like us. In fact, we seek them out. It’s why places like Little Italy, Chinatown, and Koreatown ① exist. But I’m not just talking about race, skin color, or religion. I’m talking about people who share our values and look at the world the same way we ② do. As the saying goes, birds of a feather flock together. This is a very common human tendency ③ what is rooted in how our species developed. Imagine you are walking out in a forest. You would be conditioned to avoid something unfamiliar or foreign because there is a high likelihood that ④ it would be interested in killing you. Similarities make us ⑤ relate better to other people because we think they’ll understand us on a deeper level than other people.
* species: 종(생물 분류의 기초 단위)

Rejection is an everyday part of our lives, yet most people can’t handle it well. For many, it’s so painful that they’d rather not ask for something at all than ask and ① risk rejection. Yet, as the old saying goes, if you don’t ask, the answer is always no. Avoiding rejection ② negatively affects many aspects of your life. All of that happens only because you’re not ③ tough enough to handle it. For this reason, consider rejection therapy. Come up with a ④ request or an activity that usually results in a rejection. Working in sales is one such example. Asking for discounts at the stores will also work. By deliberately getting yourself ⑤ welcomed you’ll grow a thicker skin that will allow you to take on much more in life, thus making you more successful at dealing with unfavorable circumstances.
* deliberately: 의도적으로

Generalization without specific examples that humanize writing is boring to the listener and to the reader. Who wants to read platitudes all day? Who wants to hear the words great, greater, best, smartest, finest, humanitarian, on and on and on without specific examples? Instead of using these ‘nothing words,’ leave them out completely and just describe the _____________. There is nothing worse than reading a scene in a novel in which a main character is described up front as heroic or brave or tragic or funny, while thereafter, the writer quickly moves on to something else. That’s no good, no good at all. You have to use less one word descriptions and more detailed, engaging descriptions if you want to make something real.
* platitude: 상투적인 말

Face-­to-­face interaction is a uniquely powerful ― and sometimes the only ― way to share many kinds of knowledge, from the simplest to the most complex. It is one of the best ways to stimulate new thinking and ideas, too. Most of us would have had difficulty learning how to tie a shoelace only from pictures, or how to do arithmetic from a book. Psychologist Mihàly Csikszentmihàlyi found, while studying high achievers, that a large number of Nobel Prize winners were the students of previous winners: they had access to the same literature as everyone else, but _________________ made a crucial difference to their creativity. Within organisations this makes conversation both a crucial factor for high-­level professional skills and the most important way of sharing everyday information.
* arithmetic: 계산
** literature: (연구) 문헌

Most times a foreign language is spoken in film, subtitles are used to translate the dialogue for the viewer. However, there are occasions when foreign dialogue is left unsubtitled (and thus incomprehensible to most of the target audience). This is often done if the movie is seen mainly from the viewpoint of a particular character who does not speak the language. Such absence of subtitles allows the audience to feel a similar sense of incomprehension and alienation that the character feels. An example of this is seen in Not Without My Daughter. The Persian language dialogue spoken by the Iranian characters is not subtitled because the main character Betty Mahmoody does not speak Persian and the audience is _____________________.
* subtitle: 자막(을 넣다)
** incomprehensible: 이해할 수 없는
*** alienation: 소외

One dynamic that can change dramatically in sport is the concept of the home-­field advantage, in which perceived demands and resources seem to play a role. Under normal circumstances, the home ground would appear to provide greater perceived resources (fans, home field, and so on). However, researchers Roy Baumeister and Andrew Steinhilber were among the first to point out that these competitive factors can change; for example, the success percentage for home teams in the final games of a playoff or World Series seems to drop. Fans can become part of the
perceived demands rather than resources under those circumstances. This change in perception can also explain why a team that’s struggling at the start of the year will _______________________ to reduce perceived demands and pressures.
* perceive: 인식하다
** playoff: 우승 결정전

Who hasn’t used a cup of coffee to help themselves stay awake while studying? Mild stimulants commonly found in tea, coffee, or sodas possibly make you more attentive and, thus, better able to remember. ① However, you should know that stimulants are as likely to have negative effects on
memory as they are to be beneficial. ② Even if they could improve performance at some level, the ideal doses are currently unknown. ③ If you are wide awake and well­-rested, mild stimulation from caffeine can do little to further improve your memory performance. ④ In contrast, many studies have shown that drinking tea is healthier than drinking coffee. ⑤ Indeed, if you have too much of a stimulant, you will become nervous, find it difficult to sleep, and your memory performance will suffer.
* stimulant: 자극제 ** dose: 복용량

Toward the end of the 19th century, a new architectural attitude emerged. Industrial architecture, the argument went, was ugly and inhuman; past styles had more to do with pretension than what people needed in their homes.

(A) But they supplied people’s needs perfectly and, at their best, had a beauty that came from the craftsman’s skill and the rootedness of the house in its locality.

(B) Instead of these approaches, why not look at the way ordinary country builders worked in the past? They developed their craft skills over generations, demonstrating mastery of both tools and materials.

(C) Those materials were local, and used with simplicity — houses built this way had plain wooden floors and whitewashed walls inside.

* pretension: 허세, 가식

Robert Schumann once said, “The laws of morals are those of art.” What the great man is saying here is that there is good music and bad music.

(A) It’s the same with performances: a bad performance isn’t necessarily the result of incompetence. Some of the worst performances occur when the performers, no matter how accomplished, are thinking more of themselves than of the music they’re playing.

(B) The greatest music, even if it’s tragic in nature, takes us to a world higher than ours; somehow the beauty uplifts us. Bad music, on the other hand, degrades us.

(C) These doubtful characters aren’t really listening to what the composer is saying — they’re just showing off, hoping that they’ll have a great ‘success’ with the public. The performer’s basic task is to try to understand the meaning of the music, and then to communicate it honestly to others.

* incompetence: 무능
** degrade: 격하시키다

But, when there is biodiversity, the effects of a sudden change are not so dramatic.[/bold]

When an ecosystem is biodiverse, wildlife have more opportunities to obtain food and shelter. Different species react and respond to changes in their environment differently. ( ① ) For example, imagine a forest with only one type of plant in it, which is the only source of food and habitat for the entire forest food web. ( ② ) Now, there is a sudden dry season and this plant dies. ( ③ ) Plant­-eating animals completely lose their food source and die out, and so do the animals that prey upon them. ( ④ ) Different species of plants respond to the drought differently, and many can survive a dry season. ( ⑤ ) Many animals have a variety of food sources and don’t just rely on one plant; now our forest ecosystem is no longer at the death!
* biodiversity: (생물학적) 종 다양성
** habitat: 서식지

Since the dawn of civilization, our ancestors created myths and told legendary stories about the night sky.[/bold]

We are connected to the night sky in many ways. ( ① ) It has always inspired people to wonder and to imagine. ( ② ) Elements of those narratives became embedded in the social and cultural identities of many generations. ( ③ ) On a practical level, the night sky helped past generations to keep track of time and create calendars — essential to developing societies as aids to farming and seasonal gathering. ( ④ ) For many centuries, it also provided a useful navigation tool, vital for commerce and for exploring new worlds. ( ⑤ ) Even in modern times, many people in remote areas of the planet observe the night sky for such practical purposes.
* embed: 깊이 새겨 두다
** commerce: 무역

The common blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) has an amazing ability to move manganese from one layer of soil to another using its roots. This may seem like a funny talent for a plant to have, but it all becomes clear when you realize the effect it has on nearby plants. Manganese can be very harmful to plants, especially at high concentrations. Common blackberry is unaffected by damaging effects of this metal and has evolved two different ways of using manganese to its advantage. First, it redistributes manganese from deeper soil layers to shallow soil layers using its roots as a small pipe. Second, it absorbs manganese as it grows, concentrating the metal in its leaves. When the leaves drop and decay, their concentrated manganese deposits further poison the soil around the plant. For plants that are not immune to the toxic effects of manganese, this is very bad news. Essentially, the common blackberry eliminates competition by poisoning its neighbors with heavy metals.
* manganese: 망가니즈(금속 원소)
** deposit: 축적물

The common blackberry has an ability to ______(A)______ the amount of manganese in the surrounding upper soil, which makes the nearby soil quite ______(B)______ for other plants.

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

The longest journey we will make is the eighteen inches between our head and heart. If we take this journey, it can shorten our (a) misery in the world. Impatience, judgment, frustration, and anger reside in our heads. When we live in that place too long, it makes us (b) unhappy. But when we take the journey from our heads to our hearts, something shifts (c) inside. What if we were able to love everything that gets in our way? What if we tried loving the shopper who unknowingly steps in front of us in line, the driver who cuts us off in traffic, the swimmer who splashes us with water during a belly dive, or the reader who pens a bad online review of our writing? Every person who makes us miserable is (d) like us — a human being, most likely doing the best they can, deeply loved by their parents, a child, or a friend. And how many times have we unknowingly stepped in front of someone in line? Cut someone off in traffic? Splashed someone in a pool? Or made a negative statement about something we’ve read? It helps to (e) deny that a piece of us resides in every person we meet.
* reside: (어떤 장소에) 있다

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]

The longest journey we will make is the eighteen inches between our head and heart. If we take this journey, it can shorten our (a) misery in the world. Impatience, judgment, frustration, and anger reside in our heads. When we live in that place too long, it makes us (b) unhappy. But when we take the journey from our heads to our hearts, something shifts (c) inside. What if we were able to love everything that gets in our way? What if we tried loving the shopper who unknowingly steps in front of us in line, the driver who cuts us off in traffic, the swimmer who splashes us with water during a belly dive, or the reader who pens a bad online review of our writing? Every person who makes us miserable is (d) like us — a human being, most likely doing the best they can, deeply loved by their parents, a child, or a friend. And how many times have we unknowingly stepped in front of someone in line? Cut someone off in traffic? Splashed someone in a pool? Or made a negative statement about something we’ve read? It helps to (e) deny that a piece of us resides in every person we meet.
* reside: (어떤 장소에) 있다

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

밑줄 친 (a)～(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?[/bold]

글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]