Dear Tony,

I’m writing to ask if you could possibly do me a favour. For this year’s workshop, we would really like to take all our staff on a trip to Bridgend to learn more about new leadership skills in the industry. I remember that your company took a similar course last year, which included a lecture by an Australian lady whom you all found inspiring. Are you still in contact with her? If so, do you think that you could possibly let me have a number for her, or an email address? I would really appreciate your assistance.

Kind regards,
Luke Schreider

Alice looked up from her speech for the first time since she began talking. She hadn’t dared to break eye contact with the words on the pages until she finished, for fear of losing her place. Actually, she’d just hoped for two simple things―not to lose the ability to read during the talk and to get through it without making a fool of herself. Now the entire ballroom was standing, clapping. It was more than she had hoped for. Smiling brightly, she looked at the familiar faces in the front row. Tom clapped and cheered and looked like he could barely keep himself from running up to hug and congratulate her. She couldn’t wait to hug him, too.

When I started my career, I looked forward to the annual report from the organization showing statistics for each of its leaders. As soon as I received them in the mail, I’d look for my standing and compare my progress with the progress of all the other leaders. After about five years of doing that, I realized how harmful it was. Comparing yourself to others is really just a needless distraction. The only one you should compare yourself to is you. Your mission is to become better today than you were yesterday. You do that by focusing on what you can do today to improve and grow. Do that enough, and if you look back and compare the you of weeks, months, or years ago to the you of today, you should be greatly encouraged by your progress.

On one occasion I was trying to explain the concept of buffers to my children. We were in the car together at the time and I tried to explain the idea using a game. Imagine, I said, that we had to get to our destination three miles away without stopping. We couldn’t predict what was going to happen in front of us and around us. We didn’t know how long the light would stay on green or if the car in front would suddenly put on its brakes. The only way to keep from crashing was to put extra space between our car and the car in front of us. This space acts as a buffer. It gives us time to respond and adapt to any sudden moves by other cars. Similarly, we can reduce the friction of doing the essential in our work and lives simply by creating a buffer.
*friction: 마찰

Many of the leaders I know in the media industry are intelligent, capable, and honest. But they are leaders of companies that appear to have only one purpose: the single­-minded pursuit of short­-term profit and “shareholder value.” I believe, however, that the media industry, by its very nature and role in our society and global culture, must act differently than other industries—especially because they have the free use of our public airwaves and our digital spectrum, and have almost unlimited access to our children’s hearts and minds. These are priceless assets, and the right to use them should necessarily carry serious and long­-lasting responsibilities to promote the public good.
*shareholder: 주주(株主)

In addition to the varied forms that recreation may take, it also meets a wide range of individual needs and interests. Many participants take part in recreation as a form of relaxation and release from work pressures or other tensions. Often they may be passive spectators of entertainment provided by television, movies, or other forms of electronic amusement. However, other significant play motivations are based on the need to express creativity, discover hidden talents, or pursue excellence in varied forms of personal expression. For some participants, active, competitive recreation may offer a channel for releasing hostility and aggression or for struggling against others or the environment in adventurous, high­-risk activities. Others enjoy recreation that is highly social and provides the opportunity for making new friends or cooperating with others in group settings.

If a food contains more sugar than any other ingredient, government regulations require that sugar be listed first on the label. But if a food contains several different kinds of sweeteners, they can be listed separately, which pushes each one farther down the list. This requirement has led the food industry to put in three different sources of sugar so that they don’t have to say the food has that much sugar. So sugar doesn’t appear first. Whatever the true motive, ingredient labeling still does not fully convey the amount of sugar being added to food, certainly not in a language that’s easy for consumers to understand. A world-­famous cereal brand’s label, for example, indicates that the cereal has 11 grams of sugar per serving. But nowhere does it tell consumers that more than one-­third of the box contains added sugar.

The above graph shows the injury rate by day of game in the National Football League (NFL) from 2014 to 2017. ①The injury rate of Thursday games was the lowest in 2014 and the highest in 2017. ②The injury rate of Saturday, Sunday and Monday games decreased steadily from 2014 to 2017. ③In all the years except 2017, the injury rate of Thursday games was lower than that of Saturday, Sunday and Monday games. ④The gap between the injury rate of Thursday games and that of Saturday, Sunday and Monday games was the largest in 2014 and the smallest in 2017. ⑤In two years out of the four, the injury rate of Thursday games was higher than that of the 4-year total.

Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christiaan Huygens was born in The Hague in 1629. He studied law and mathematics at his university, and then devoted some time to his own research, initially in mathematics but then also in optics, working on telescopes and grinding his own lenses. Huygens visited England several times, and met Isaac Newton in 1689. In addition to his work on light, Huygens had studied forces and motion, but he did not accept Newton’s law of universal gravitation. Huygens’ wide-­ranging achievements included some of the most accurate clocks of his time, the result of his work on pendulums. His astronomical work, carried out using his own telescopes, included the discovery of Titan, the largest of Saturn’s moons, and the first correct description of Saturn’s rings.
*pendulum: 시계추

Commercial airplanes generally travel airways similar to roads, although they are not physical structures. Airways have fixed widths and defined altitudes, ①which separate traffic moving in opposite directions. Vertical separation of aircraft allows some flights ②to pass over airports while other processes occur below. Air travel usually covers long distances, with short periods of intense pilot activity at takeoff and landing and long periods of lower pilot activity while in the air, the portion of the flight ③known as the “long haul.” During the long-­haul portion of a flight, pilots spend more time assessing aircraft status than ④searching out nearby planes. This is because collisions between aircraft usually occur in the surrounding area of airports, while crashes due to aircraft malfunction ⑤tends to occur during long­haul flight.
*altitude: 고도  **long haul: 장거리 비행

I was sitting outside a restaurant in Spain one summer evening, waiting for dinner. The aroma of the kitchens excited my taste buds. My future meal was coming to me in the form of molecules drifting through the air, too small for my eyes to see but ①detected by my nose. The ancient Greeks first came upon the idea of atoms this way; the smell of baking bread suggested to them that small particles of bread ②existed beyond vision. The cycle of weather ③disproved this idea: a puddle of water on the ground gradually dries out, disappears, and then falls later as rain. They reasoned that there must be particles of water that turn into steam, form clouds, and fall to earth, so that the water is ④conserved even though the little particles are too small to see. My paella in Spain had inspired me, four thousand years too ⑤late, to take the credit for atomic theory.
*taste bud: 미뢰(혀의 미각 기관)
**molecule: 분자
***paella: 파에야(스페인 요리의 하나)

When he was dying, the contemporary Buddhist teacher Dainin Katagiri wrote a remarkable book called Returning to Silence. Life, he wrote, “is a dangerous situation.” It is the weakness of life that makes it precious; his words are filled with the very fact of his own life passing away. “The china bowl is beautiful because sooner or later it will break.... The life of the bowl is always existing in a dangerous situation.” Such is our struggle: this unstable beauty. This inevitable wound. We forget—how easily we forget—that love and loss are intimate companions, that we love the real flower so much more than the plastic one and love the cast of twilight across a mountainside lasting only a moment. It is this very ________________ that opens our hearts.

Nothing happens immediately, so in the beginning we can’t see any results from our practice. This is like the example of the man who tries to make fire by rubbing two sticks of wood together. He says to himself, “They say there’s fire here,” and he begins rubbing energetically. He rubs on and on, but he’s very impatient. He wants to have that fire, but the fire doesn’t come. So he gets discouraged and stops to rest for a while. Then he starts again, but the going is slow, so he rests again. By then the heat has disappeared; he didn’t keep at it long enough. He rubs and rubs until he gets tired and then he stops altogether. Not only is he tired, but he becomes more and more discouraged until he gives up completely, “There’s no fire here.” Actually, he was doing the work, but there wasn’t enough heat to start a fire. The fire was there all the time, but ________________.

Translating academic language into everyday language can be an essential tool for you as a writer to ________________. For, as writing theorists often note, writing is generally not a process in which we start with a fully formed idea in our heads that we then simply transcribe in an unchanged state onto the page. On the contrary, writing is more often a means of discovery in which we use the writing process to figure out what our idea is. This is why writers are often surprised to find that what they end up with on the page is quite different from what they thought it would be when they started. What we are trying to say here is that everyday language is often crucial for this discovery process. Translating your ideas into more common, simpler terms can help you figure out what your ideas really are, as opposed to what you initially imagined they were.
*transcribe: 옮겨 쓰다

The growing field of genetics is showing us what many scientists have suspected for years—_____________________. This information helps us better understand that genes are under our control and not something we must obey. Consider identical twins; both individuals are given the same genes. In mid­life, one twin develops cancer, and the other lives a long healthy life without cancer. A specific gene instructed one twin to develop cancer, but in the other the same gene did not initiate the disease. One possibility is that the healthy twin had a diet that turned off the cancer gene⸻the same gene that instructed the other person to get sick. For many years, scientists have recognized other environmental factors, such as chemical toxins (tobacco for example), can contribute to cancer through their actions on genes. The notion that food has a specific influence on gene expression is relatively new.

There are many superstitions surrounding the world of the theater. ①Superstitions can be anything from not wanting to say the last line of a play before the first audience comes, to not wanting to rehearse the curtain call before the final rehearsal. ②Shakespeare’s famous tragedy Macbeth is said to be cursed, and to avoid problems actors never say the title of the play out loud when inside a theater or a theatrical space (like a rehearsal room or costume shop). ③The interaction between the audience and the actors in the play influences the actors’ performance. ④Since the play is set in Scotland, the secret code you say when you need to say the title of the play is “the Scottish play.” ⑤If you do say the title by accident, legend has it that you have to go outside, turn around three times, and come back into the theater.

Habits create the foundation for mastery. In chess, it is only after the basic movements of the pieces have become automatic that a player can focus on the next level of the game. Each chunk of information that is memorized opens up the mental space for more effortful thinking.[/bold]

(A) You fall into mindless repetition. It becomes easier to let mistakes slide. When you can do it “good enough” automatically, you stop thinking about how to do it better.

(B) However, the benefits of habits come at a cost. At first, each repetition develops fluency, speed, and skill. But then, as a habit becomes automatic, you become less sensitive to feedback.

(C) This is true for anything you attempt. When you know the simple movements so well that you can perform them without thinking, you are free to pay attention to more advanced details. In this way, habits are the backbone of any pursuit of excellence.

Regardless of whether the people existing after agriculture were happier, healthier, or neither, it is undeniable that there were more of them. Agriculture both supports and requires more people to grow the crops that sustain them.[/bold]

(A) And a larger population doesn’t just mean increasing the size of everything, like buying a bigger box of cereal for a larger family. It brings qualitative changes in the way people live.

(B) Estimates vary, of course, but evidence points to an increase in the human population from 1-5 million people worldwide to a few hundred million once agriculture had become established.

(C) For example, more people means more kinds of diseases, particularly when those people are sedentary. Those groups of people can also store food for long periods, which creates a society with haves and have­-nots.

*sedentary: 한 곳에 정착해 있는

Yet today if you program that same position into an ordinary chess program, it will immediately suggest the exact moves that Fischer made.[/bold]

The boundary between uniquely human creativity and machine capabilities continues to change. (①) Returning to the game of chess, back in 1956, thirteen-­year-­old child prodigy Bobby Fischer made a pair of remarkably creative moves against grandmaster Donald Byrne. (②) First he sacrificed his knight, seemingly for no gain, and then exposed his queen to capture. (③) On the surface, these moves seemed insane, but several moves later, Fischer used these moves to win the game. (④) His creativity was praised at the time as the mark of genius. (⑤) It’s not because the computer has memorized the Fischer-­Byrne game, but rather because it searches far enough ahead to see that these moves really do pay off.
*prodigy: 신동, 영재

In some cases, their brains had ceased to function altogether.[/bold]

Of all the medical achievements of the 1960s, the most widely known was the first heart transplant, performed by the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard in 1967. (①) The patient’s death 18 days later did not weaken the spirits of those who welcomed a new era of medicine. (②) The ability to perform heart transplants was linked to the development of respirators, which had been introduced to hospitals in the 1950s. (③) Respirators could save many lives, but not all those whose hearts kept beating ever recovered any other significant functions. (④) The realization that such patients could be a source of organs for transplantation led to the setting up of the Harvard Brain Death Committee, and to its recommendation that the absence of all “discernible central nervous system activity” should be “a new criterion for death”. (⑤) The recommendation has since been adopted, with some modifications, almost everywhere.
*respirator: 인공호흡기
**discernible: 식별 가능한
***criterion: 기준

Some natural resource-­rich developing countries tend to create an excessive dependence on their natural resources, which generates a lower productive diversification and a lower rate of growth. Resource abundance in itself need not do any harm: many countries have abundant natural resources and have managed to outgrow their dependence on them by diversifying their economic activity. That is the case of Canada, Australia, or the US, to name the most important ones. But some developing countries are trapped in their dependence on their large natural resources. They suffer from a series of problems since a heavy dependence on natural capital tends to exclude other types of capital and thereby interfere with economic growth.

Relying on rich natural resources without _____(A)_____ economic activities can be a _____(B)_____ to economic growth.

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

Animal studies have dealt with the distances creatures may keep between themselves and members of other species. These distances determine the functioning of the so­called ‘flight or fight’ mechanism. As an animal senses what it considers to be a predator approaching within its ‘flight’ distance, it will quite simply run away. The distance at which this happens is amazingly (a)consistent, and Hediger, a Swiss biologist, claimed to have measured it remarkably precisely for some of the species that he studied. Naturally, it varies from species to species, and usually the larger the animal the (b)shorter its flight distance. I have had to use a long focus lens to take photographs of giraffes, which have very large flight distances. By contrast, I have several times nearly stepped on a squirrel in my garden before it drew attention to itself by suddenly escaping! We can only assume that this (c)variation in distance matches the animal’s own assessment of its ability to accelerate and run.
The ‘fight’ distance is always (d)smaller than the flight distance. If a perceived predator approaches within the flight distance but the animal is trapped by obstacles or other predators and cannot (e)flee, it must stand its ground. Eventually, however, attack becomes the best form of defence, and so the trapped animal will turn and fight.

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]

Animal studies have dealt with the distances creatures may keep between themselves and members of other species. These distances determine the functioning of the so­called ‘flight or fight’ mechanism. As an animal senses what it considers to be a predator approaching within its ‘flight’ distance, it will quite simply run away. The distance at which this happens is amazingly (a)consistent, and Hediger, a Swiss biologist, claimed to have measured it remarkably precisely for some of the species that he studied. Naturally, it varies from species to species, and usually the larger the animal the (b)shorter its flight distance. I have had to use a long focus lens to take photographs of giraffes, which have very large flight distances. By contrast, I have several times nearly stepped on a squirrel in my garden before it drew attention to itself by suddenly escaping! We can only assume that this (c)variation in distance matches the animal’s own assessment of its ability to accelerate and run.
The ‘fight’ distance is always (d)smaller than the flight distance. If a perceived predator approaches within the flight distance but the animal is trapped by obstacles or other predators and cannot (e)flee, it must stand its ground. Eventually, however, attack becomes the best form of defence, and so the trapped animal will turn and fight.

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

밑줄 친 (a)∼(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?[/bold]

글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]