The Watson City Symphony Orchestra is celebrating its 65th year of providing music for the central coast of California. The orchestra has announced the retirement of Mr. Bob Smith from the position of　musical director and permanent conductor after 35 years. The orchestra is actively seeking a replacement for this position. The responsibilities include selecting the music for 4 concerts annually and rehearsing the orchestra weekly for approximately 2 hours. Applicants desirous of applying for an opportunity to audition for this position should send resume to watsonorchestra@wco.org.

After going through her routine chores as a nanny, Melanie realized how quiet the house was without Edith and Harry stirring around in it. She realized that she couldn’t hear any noise other than the ones she made. She missed Edith. She missed Harry. She felt alone in this big house without the twins. Suddenly she realized that she’d never been in any other rooms except her bedroom and the twins’. It occurred to her that the study upstairs was always kept closed. She wondered what interesting things would be there. Books? Magazines? Perhaps... a beautiful painting? She couldn’t resist herself and started heading up the stairs.

It’s unfortunate that when something goes wrong, people obsess about why it happened, whose fault it was, and “why me?” Honestly, what good is that thinking in most cases? Train your brain to be solution-­oriented. Let’s take the simplest example on the planet. What happens when a glass of milk spills? Yes, you can obsess and say, how did that fall, who made it fall, will it stain the floor, or think something along the lines of, “Why always me? I’m in a hurry and don’t need this.” But someone with a solution­oriented thought process would simply get a towel, pick up the glass, and get a new glass of milk. Use your energy wisely; learn from mistakes but then move on fast with solutions.

What happens when students get the message that saying the wrong thing can get you in trouble? They do what one would expect: they talk to people they already agree with, keep their mouths shut about important topics in mixed company, and often don’t bother even arguing with the angriest or loudest person in the room. The result is a group polarization that follows graduates into the real world. As the sociologist Diana C. Mutz discovered in her book Hearing the Other Side, those with the highest levels of education have the lowest exposure to people with conflicting points of view, while those who have not graduated from high school can claim the most diverse discussion mates. In other words, those most likely to live in the tightest echo chambers are those with the highest level of education. It should be the opposite, shouldn’t it? A good education ought to teach citizens to actively seek out the opinions of intelligent people with whom they disagree, in order to prevent the problem of “confirmation bias.”

Some company leaders say that their company is going through a lot of change and stress, which they “know” will lower their effectiveness, drive away top talent, and tear apart their teams. They need to think about the military, a place where stress and uncertainty are the status quo, and where employees are on-­boarded not with a beach vacation but with boot camp. And yet, the employees of the military remain among the highest functioning, steadfast, and loyal of virtually any organization on the planet. That’s because after centuries of practice, the military has learned that if you go through stress with the right lens, and alongside others, you can create meaningful narratives and social bonds that you will talk about for the rest of your life. Instead of seeing stress as a threat, the military culture derives pride from the shared resilience it creates. And this has nothing to do with the fact that they are soldiers; every company and team can turn stress into wellsprings of potential.
*status quo: 현 상태  
**boot camp: 신병 훈련소

Inspiration is a funny thing. It’s powerful enough to move mountains. When it strikes, it carries an author forward like the rushing torrents of a flooded river. And yet, if you wait for it, nothing happens. The irony is that so much is actually created―mountains moved, sagas written, grand murals painted―by those who might not even describe themselves as particularly inspired. Instead, they show up every day and put their hands on the keyboard, their pen to paper, and they move their stories forward, bit by bit, word by word, perhaps not even recognizing that inspiration is striking in hundreds of tiny, microscopic ways as they push through another sentence, another page, another chapter. “I write when the spirit moves me, and the spirit moves me every day,” said William Faulkner. This is the principle way writers finish 50,000 words of a novel each year during National Novel Writing Month―by showing up―and it applies to being creative the rest of the year as well.
*torrent: 급류  **saga: 대하소설

Hierarchies are good at weeding out obviously bad ideas. By the time an idea makes it all the way up the chain, it will have been compared to all the other ideas in the system, with the obviously good ideas ranked at the top. This seems like common sense. The problem is that obviously good ideas are not truly innovative, and truly innovative ideas often look like very bad ideas when they’re introduced. Western Union famously passed on the opportunity to buy Alexander Graham Bell’s patents and technology for the telephone. At the time, phone calls were extremely noisy and easy to misinterpret, and they couldn’t span long distances, and Western Union knew from its telegram business that profitable communication depended on accuracy and widespread reach. And Wikipedia was considered a joke when it started. How could something written by a crowd replace the work of the world’s top scholars? Today it is so much more comprehensive than anything that came before it that it’s widely considered the only encyclopedia.

The table above shows percentage estimates of the job creation and displacement from Artificial Intelligence (AI) in five industry sectors in the U.K. by 2037 compared with existing jobs in 2017. ①The health & social work sector is estimated to undergo job creation of more than 30%, with a positive net effect of 22%. ②The manufacturing sector is anticipated to suffer a displacement of 30% of its existing jobs in 2017 with only 5% of job creation. ③More than one in four jobs in 2017 are estimated to be displaced in the wholesale & retail trade sector. ④The percentage of job creation in the professional, scientific & technical sector is estimated to be more than double that of job displacement in the same sector. ⑤The job creation percentage of the education sector is projected to be higher than that of the manufacturing sector.
*displacement: 대체, 해고

Born in 1909, Virginia Apgar was determined to succeed in the field of medicine. She graduated from medical school and completed an internship in surgery. But she soon found that her employment options were limited. Apgar tried something new, focusing her efforts on anesthesiology. After being denied several times, she was accepted into a training program in anesthesiology. As Apgar studied, she became interested in the way anesthesia given to mothers in labor affected babies. During this time, she developed the Apgar score, which is a method of checking the health of a newborn. According to the method, doctors must consider five different factors, including heart rate and breathing effort, when they inspect babies. She received many awards including an honorary doctorate from the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1964. In 1973, she was also elected Woman of the Year in Science by the Ladies Home Journal.
*anesthesiology: 마취학

When children are young, much of the work is demonstrating to them that they ①do have control. One wise friend of ours who was a parent educator for twenty years ②advises giving calendars to preschool-­age children and writing down all the important events in their life, in part because it helps children understand the passage of time better, and how their days will unfold. We can’t overstate the importance of the calendar tool in helping kids feel in control of their day. Have them ③cross off days of the week as you come to them. Spend time going over the schedule for the day, giving them choice in that schedule wherever ④possible. This communication expresses respect―they see that they are not just a tagalong to your day and your plans, and they understand what is going to happen, when, and why. As they get older, children will then start to write in important things for themselves, ⑤it further helps them develop their sense of control.

Random errors may be detected by ①repeating the measurements. Furthermore, by taking more and more readings, we obtain from the arithmetic mean a value which approaches more and more closely to the true value. Neither of these points is true for a systematic error. Repeated measurements with the same apparatus neither ②reveal nor do they eliminate a systematic error. For this reason systematic errors are potentially more ③dangerous than random errors. If large random errors are present in an experiment, they will manifest themselves in a large value of the final quoted error. Thus everyone is ④unaware of the imprecision of the result, and no harm is done―except possibly to the ego of the experimenter when no one takes notice of his or her results. However, the concealed presence of a systematic error may lead to an apparently ⑤reliable result, given with a small estimated error, which is in fact seriously wrong.
*arithmetic mean: 산술 평균
**apparatus: 도구

A distinct emotional trait of human nature is to watch fellow humans closely, to learn their stories, and thereby to judge their character and dependability. And so it has ever been since the Pleistocene. The first bands classifiable to the genus Homo and their descendants were hunter­-gatherers. Like the Kalahari Ju/’hoansi of today, they almost certainly depended on sophisticated cooperative behavior just to survive from one day to the next. That, in turn, required exact knowledge of the personal history and accomplishments of each of their groupmates, and equally they needed an empathetic sense of the feelings and propensities of others. It gives deep satisfaction—call it, if you will, a human instinct—not just to learn but also to share emotions stirred by the stories told by our companions. The whole of these performances pays off in survival and reproduction. ____________are Darwinian phenomena.
*the Pleistocene: 홍적세(洪積世)
**propensity: (행동의) 성향

Scaling up from the small to the large is often accompanied by an evolution from simplicity to complexity while ___________________________. This is familiar in engineering, economics, companies, cities, organisms, and, perhaps most dramatically, evolutionary process. For example, a skyscraper in a large city is a significantly more complex object than a modest family dwelling in a small town, but the underlying principles of construction and design, including questions of mechanics, energy and information distribution, the size of electrical outlets, water faucets, telephones, laptops, doors, etc., all remain approximately the same independent of the size of the building. Similarly, organisms have evolved to have an enormous range of sizes and an extraordinary diversity of morphologies and interactions, which often reflect increasing complexity, yet fundamental building blocks like cells, mitochondria, capillaries, and even leaves do not appreciably change with body size or increasing complexity of the class of systems in which they are embedded.
*morphology: 형태  **capillary: 모세관

Knowing who an author is and what his or her likely intentions are in creating text or artwork is tremendously important to most of us. Not knowing who wrote, or created, some artwork is often very frustrating. Our culture places great worth on the identity of speakers, writers, and artists. Perhaps the single most important aspect of “authorship” is the vaguely apprehended presence of human creativity, personality, and authority that nominal authorship seems to provide. It is almost unthinkable for a visitor to an art museum to admire a roomful of paintings without knowing the names of the individual painters, or for a reader not to know who the writer is of the novel she is reading. Publishers proudly display authors’ names on the jackets, spines and title pages of their books. Book advertisements in The New York Review of Books and The New York Times Book Review regularly include pictures of authors and quote authors as they talk about their work, both of which show that ______________________.

All athletes have an innate preference for task­- or ego­-involved goals in sport. These predispositions, referred to as task and ego goal orientations, are believed to develop throughout childhood largely due to the types of people the athletes come in contact with and the situations they are placed in. If children consistently receive parental praise depending on their effort and recognition for personal improvement from their coaches, and are encouraged to learn from their mistakes, then they are likely to foster a task orientation. It becomes natural for them to believe that success is associated with mastery, effort, understanding, and personal responsibility. The behavior of their role models in sport also affects this development. Such an environment is far different from one where children are shaped by rewards for winning (alone), praise for the best grades, criticism or non­selection despite making their best effort, or coaches whose style is to hand out unequal recognition. This kind of environment helps an ego orientation to flourish, along with the belief that _______________________.
*predisposition: 성향

The genre film simplifies film watching as well as filmmaking. In a western, because of the conventions of appearance, dress, and manners, we recognize the hero, sidekick, villain, etc., on sight and assume they will not violate our expectations of their conventional roles. ①Our familiarity with the genre makes watching not only easier but in some ways more enjoyable. ②Because we know and are familiar with all the conventions, we gain pleasure from recognizing each character, each image, each familiar situation. ③The fact that the conventions are established and repeated intensifies another kind of pleasure. ④Genre mixing is not an innovation of the past few decades; it was already an integral part of the film business in the era of classical cinema. ⑤Settled into a comfortable genre, with our basic expectations satisfied, we become more keenly aware of and responsive to the creative variations, refinements, and complexities that make the film seem fresh and original, and by exceeding our expectations, each innovation becomes an exciting surprise.

Many people cannot understand what there is about birds to become obsessed about. What are bird­-watchers actually doing out there in the woods, swamps, and fields?[/bold]

(A) And because birders are human, these birding memories―like most human memories―improve over time. The colors of the plumages become richer, the songs sweeter, and those elusive field marks more vivid and distinct in retrospect.

(B) The key to comprehending the passion of birding is to realize that bird­-watching is really a hunt. But unlike hunting, the trophies you accumulate are in your mind.

(C) Of course, your mind is a great place to populate with them because you carry them around with you wherever you go. You don’t leave them to gather dust on a wall or up in the attic. Your birding experiences become part of your life, part of who you are.

*plumage: 깃털
**in retrospect: 돌이켜 생각해 보면

Distinct from the timing of interaction is the way in which time is compressed on television. Specifically, the pauses and delays that characterize everyday life are removed through editing, and new accents are added―namely, a laugh track. [/bold]

(A) It is the statement that is in bold print or the boxed insert in newspaper and magazine articles. As such, compression techniques accentuate another important temporal dimension of television―rhythm and tempo.

(B) More important, television performers, or people who depend on television, such as politicians, are evaluated by viewers (voters) on their ability to meet time compression requirements, such as the one sentence graphic statement or metaphor to capture the moment.

(C) The familiar result is a compressed event in which action flows with rapid ease, compacting hours or even days into minutes, and minutes into seconds. Audiences are spared the waiting common to everyday life. Although this use of time may appear unnatural in the abstract, the television audience has come to expect it, and critics demand it.

*accentuate: 강조하다

Historians and sociologists of science have recently corrected this claim by showing how senses other than seeing, including listening, have been significant in the development of knowledge, notable in the laboratory.

If there is any field that is associated with seeing rather than with hearing, it is science. Scholars who emphasize the visual bias in Western culture even point to science as their favorite example. (①) Because doing research seems impossible without using images, graphs, and diagrams, science is―in their view―a visual endeavor par excellence. (②) They stress that scientific work involves more than visual observation. (③) The introduction of measurement devices that merely seem to require the reading of results and thus seeing has not ruled out the deployment of the scientists’ other senses. (④) On the contrary, scientific work in experimental settings often calls for bodily skills, one of which is listening. (⑤) The world of science itself, however, still considers listening a less objective entrance into knowledge production than seeing.
*deployment: 사용

This contrasts with the arrival of the power loom, which replaced hand­-loom weavers performing existing tasks and therefore prompted opposition as weavers found their incomes threatened.[/bold]

Attitudes toward technological progress are shaped by how people’s incomes are affected by it. Economists think about progress in terms of enabling and replacing technologies. (①) The telescope, whose invention allowed astronomers to gaze at the moons of Jupiter, did not displace laborers in large numbers─instead, it enabled us to perform new and previously unimaginable tasks. (②) Thus, it stands to reason that when technologies take the form of capital that replaces workers, they are more likely to be resisted. (③) The spread of every technology is a decision, and if some people stand to lose their jobs as a consequence, adoption will not be frictionless. (④) Progress is not inevitable and for some it is not even desirable. (⑤) Though it is often taken as a given, there is no fundamental reason why technological ingenuity should always be allowed to thrive.
*loom: 직조기  **ingenuity: 창의성

Bringing a certain intellectual authority into a classroom does not need to silence the more insecure voices of the less confident students. Correcting the students requires a high level of sensitivity on the part of the teacher. It does not mean that there is no need to correct, but the correction should not lead to silencing the student. An authoritarian form of correction often prompts even the very brightest of students to withdraw from an uncomfortable situation, let alone those students who are less secure about their own intellectual potential. It also kills the willingness to entertain more risky interpretations. Instead of simply accepting any interpretation just for the sake of the freedom of expression, it is most advisable to question the student about how he/she arrived at their interpretation. This approach creates a community of thinkers, who demonstrate that what is at stake is not the superiority of the opinion based on the hierarchy of the author, but a realization that we belong together in our investigating the matter in question.

The teacher’s intellectual authority should be exercised carefully without making individual students ____(A)____ and in a way that encourages them to share their own ____(B)____.

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

Clinical psychologists sometimes say that two kinds of people seek therapy: those who need tightening, and those who need loosening. But for every patient seeking help in becoming more organized, self­-controlled, and responsible about her future, there is a waiting room full of people (a)hoping to loosen up, lighten up, and worry less about the stupid things they said at yesterday’s staff meeting or about the rejection they are sure will follow tomorrow’s lunch date. For most people, their subconscious sees too many things as bad and not enough as good.
It makes sense. If you were designing the mind of a fish, would you have it respond as strongly to opportunities as to threats? No way. The cost of missing a cue that signals food is (b)low; odds are that there are other fish in the sea, and one mistake won’t lead to starvation. The cost of missing the sign of a nearby (c)predator, however, can be catastrophic. Game over, end of the line for those genes. Of course, evolution has no designer, but minds created by natural selection end up looking (to us) as though they were (d)designed because they generally produce behavior that is flexibly adaptive in their ecological niches. Some commonalities of animal life even create similarities across species that we might call design principles. One such principle is that bad is (e)weaker than good. Responses to threats and unpleasantness are faster, stronger, and harder to inhibit than responses to opportunities and pleasures.

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]

Clinical psychologists sometimes say that two kinds of people seek therapy: those who need tightening, and those who need loosening. But for every patient seeking help in becoming more organized, self­-controlled, and responsible about her future, there is a waiting room full of people (a)hoping to loosen up, lighten up, and worry less about the stupid things they said at yesterday’s staff meeting or about the rejection they are sure will follow tomorrow’s lunch date. For most people, their subconscious sees too many things as bad and not enough as good.
It makes sense. If you were designing the mind of a fish, would you have it respond as strongly to opportunities as to threats? No way. The cost of missing a cue that signals food is (b)low; odds are that there are other fish in the sea, and one mistake won’t lead to starvation. The cost of missing the sign of a nearby (c)predator, however, can be catastrophic. Game over, end of the line for those genes. Of course, evolution has no designer, but minds created by natural selection end up looking (to us) as though they were (d)designed because they generally produce behavior that is flexibly adaptive in their ecological niches. Some commonalities of animal life even create similarities across species that we might call design principles. One such principle is that bad is (e)weaker than good. Responses to threats and unpleasantness are faster, stronger, and harder to inhibit than responses to opportunities and pleasures.

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?[/bold]

글의 Bernard Farrelly에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]