Dear Grace,

I was sorry to receive your letter. I would like to see if there is some way we can address your concerns. As your supervisor, I feel that you have performed well in your time with the company; your departure would be a big loss to us. In your letter you make reference to personal conflicts you have had with some of the others in our department. With your permission, I would like to ask the Human Resources to become involved and look for a way to improve the working environment. I’m hoping that you reconsider your resignation. Please allow us to try to keep a valued employee.

Best regards,
Maria Rodriguez, Sales & Marketing Manager

As Farish and I walked, brown sandstones gave way to pink limestones, which was a promising sign that fossils were in the neighborhood. After we spent a few minutes peering at rocks, alarm bells went off; my attention was pulled to an unusual faint light flashing from a corner of a melon-­sized rock. My heart pounded hard. Experience in the field taught me to respect the sensation triggered by these moments. I spent about five minutes curled up with the rock close to my eyes before passing it to Farish for his expert opinion. Farish froze solid. His eyes shot back to me with a look of suppressed emotion, disbelief, and surprise. “Yes, we found it!” I cried. Jumping with joy, I hugged him.

You know the old saying about having only one chance to make a first impression? Forget about it for once and give people a second chance. Even if you didn’t like someone’s question at yesterday’s lecture or you thought his outfit was out­-of­-place for the event, don’t immediately write that person off as a potential friend. This is a time in your life to dig deeper and allow yourself to find out what makes people behave the way they do. Forget about surfaces and look for what’s inside. And remember, it takes time for new friendships to develop. As you get to know each other, shared experiences and interests will become woven into the friendship. Keep working on the relationship, even if it feels uncomfortable at times.

When science is examined as an enterprise that involves the values of independence, freedom, the right to dissent, and tolerance, it is clear that as a social activity science cannot flourish in an authoritarian climate. Some philosophers of science such as Bronowski claim that science cannot be practiced in authoritarian regimes. In a democratic environment, old ideas can be challenged and rigorously criticized, although with some difficulty because of the human desire to hold onto old ideas, especially by the original proposers. Yet it is the essence of scientific thinking to propose alternative ideas and then to test them against existing concepts. As pointed out in an American Association for the Advancement of Science report, Science for All Americans, “indeed, challenges to new ideas are the legitimate business of science in building valid knowledge.”

Considering the multitude of ways people benefit from insects, it is curious that insects continue to suffer from such an unfavorable reputation. Ironically, while many of us perceive insects as harmful pests―dangerous, ugly, and disease-­ridden―in reality, without the service of pollination which they provide humankind might cease to exist. The promotion of negative stereotypes of insects can be largely traced to failure by Europeans to appreciate or understand the customs of the lands they colonized and their misperception that the way of life of most indigenous populations they encountered was barbaric. Many people’s dislike for insects stems from a similar classist attitude that associates insects with indigenous people who lack the means to buy or grow alternate sources of food. Again this prejudice stems largely from Western cultures. In contrast, cultures of many Eastern nations such as Japan and China consider various species of insects to be great delicacies.
*pollination: 가루받이  **indigenous: 원주민의

Through evolution, our brains have developed to deal with acute dangers, whether saber-­toothed cats or thunderstorms. Our nerve connections will ensure that we become aware of the dangers and react to them to protect ourselves, being alerted by their peculiar smell, their threatening looks, or their scary noise. But nothing in our past has prepared us to deal with the insidious chemical threats that endanger the development of the next generation’s brains. On the contrary, we are thoroughly enjoying the immediate benefits of attractive consumer goods, efficient technologies, and handsome profits that we generate from producing and disseminating hazardous chemicals. Our senses are not geared toward detecting the underlying dangers. The irony is that the resulting harm to the brain may wipe out some of those senses that we badly need to manage this very problem.
*insidious: 모르는 사이에 진행되는
**disseminate: 퍼뜨리다

The table above displays the new yearly investment in renewable energy technology around the world measured every other year from 2006 to 2016. ①For each measured year, the total new investment in renewable energy technology was more than 220 billion U.S. dollars from 2010 and on, with its peak at 267.3 billion in 2014. ②Among the six sectors, solar power recorded the biggest difference in new yearly investment between 2006 and 2016, followed by wind power. ③As for hydropower, newly invested money in 2016 was less than half the amount in 2006. ④Biofuels had the second most investment among the six sectors in 2006; it had the least investment in 2016. ⑤New investment in geothermal power remained between 1 billion and 3 billion dollars each measured year; ocean energy attracted less than 1 billion dollars each measured year.

Eudora Alice Welty was an American short story writer and novelist. She studied at Mississippi State College for Women from 1925 to 1927, then transferred to the University of Wisconsin to complete her studies in English literature. Following her graduation, she studied advertising at Columbia University, but soon had to return home due to lack of work during the Great Depression. In 1931, she worked as a writer for a local radio station in her hometown Jackson, Mississippi, where she gained a wider view of Southern life for her short stories. Her first short story was published in 1936, and thereafter her work began to appear regularly in magazines. Her novel The Optimist’s Daughter won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 and she was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America. Her house in Jackson has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and is open to the public as a museum.

The Internet allows information to flow more ①freely than ever before. We can communicate and share ideas in unprecedented ways. These developments are revolutionizing our self­-expression and enhancing our freedom. But there’s a problem. We’re heading toward a world ②where an extensive trail of information fragments about us will be forever preserved on the Internet, displayed instantly in a search result. We will be forced to live with a detailed record ③beginning with childhood that will stay with us for life wherever we go, searchable and accessible from anywhere in the world. This data can often be of dubious reliability; it can be false; or it can be true but deeply ④humiliated. It may be increasingly difficult to have a fresh start or a second chance. We might find ⑤it harder to engage in self­-exploration if every false step and foolish act is preserved forever in a permanent record.
*dubious: 의심스러운

On August 12, 1994, major league baseball players went on strike, bringing baseball to a halt for the rest of the season. The strike, which lasted 235 days, ended in April of the next year when a federal judge issued an injunction against the club owners. Just before the strike, baseball was enjoying one of the most exciting seasons in many years. The lowly Montreal Expos were leading their league by six games, Tony Gwynn was enjoying a .400 batting average, and a number of ballplayers were having banner years. Just before the strike, the famed hitter Ken Griffey, Jr., was asked what he thought about the upcoming strike, especially since he and so many other ballplayers were doing so well. He replied: We picked a bad year to have a good year.
*injunction: (법원의) 명령

When the tea tray was being carried across the room to their table, Chloe’s eyes rounded and she almost gasped out loud. There were lots of tiny desserts and mini sandwiches and small biscuit­looking things. Where to start? Where to start? Her grandmother smiled and winked at ①her from across the table. Chloe winked back. ②She took a sip of the sweet tea and waited for her grandmother to make the first move. ③She carefully mirrored her grandmother’s actions and started with a small, delicate sandwich. It was good. She ate it up and selected another. After a time, all the sandwiches were eaten up and Chloe boldly chose the biscuit­-looking thing before her grandmother. “Aren’t the scones lovely, dear?” asked her grandmother, as ④she spread cream and jam on hers. Scones, was that what they were called? Chloe had already started to eat hers without the cream and jam; in fact, it was mostly all in ⑤her mouth already.

One of the most satisfactory aspects of using essential oils medicinally and cosmetically is that they enter and leave the body with great efficiency, leaving no toxins behind. The most effective way to use essential oils is not orally, as one might think, but by external application or inhalation. The methods used include body oils, compresses, cosmetic lotions, baths, hair rinses, inhalation (by steam, direct from the bottle or from a tissue), perfumes, room sprays, and a whole range of room methods. Although under supervision the essential oils can be prescribed for oral ingestion, this is in fact their least effective mode of entry because it involves their passing through the digestive system, where they come into contact with digestive juices and other matter which affect their chemistry. This limitation also applies to any chemical medications. The ________________________ makes the essential oils of special benefit to patients whose digestive systems have, for whatever reason, been impaired.
*inhalation: 흡입

Political acts vary in terms of contribution. At one extreme, within limits, votes have equal weight. We are each allowed only one per election contest. But the principle of one person, one vote does not obtain for other kinds of participation. Individuals are free to write as many letters to public officials, work as many hours in campaigns, or join as many political organizations as their time and commitment allow. When it comes to the extent to which ___________________, contributions to political campaigns and causes present a special case. Although there are no legal constraints on the number of phone calls a citizen can make to public officials or the number of marches a protester can attend, the fact that there are only twenty­-four hours in a day imposes an implicit ceiling. In contrast, despite some campaign finance laws, there is no upper limit on the number of dollars that a person can contribute.

Morality often expresses itself as a duty to perform an action that advances the interests of another, to the harm of one’s own. However, moral actions usually do not occur in isolation, but rather as part of a generalized system of reciprocity (one that stands at the core of the social order in every human society). This system of reciprocity generates benefits for everyone involved (benefits such as freedom from worry of being robbed). If observance of one’s own duties represents the price of admission into this generalized system of reciprocity, then it seems clear that respecting moral constraints also generates benefits. The primary difference between morality and prudence is simply that, in the latter case, the long-­term benefits are secured through one’s own agency, whereas in the former case, they are mediated through the agency of another, namely, the person whose reciprocity is secured ____________________________.
*reciprocity: 호혜성, 상호의 이익
**prudence: 사려, 분별

The dictionary of course is not the last word on the definition of bravery. Philosophers have also advanced explanations of this elusive concept, as have social scientists of all stripes. One of the greatest conceits practiced by research psychologists and other academics is that in studying people we often forget to _____________________. I’ll give you an example. For decades my colleagues and I have studied happiness and the good life. We know all about how money does and does not affect happiness and how happiness affects health, and we understand how happiness changes across the life cycle. But we have rarely stepped back and taken the time to ask people to define, for themselves, what they consider the good life to be! The same is true of courage. There are studies of how levels of courage differ from nation to nation and of how frequently women experience courage. Still, relatively few people have stopped to ask people what they think courage is.
*elusive: 파악하기 어려운
**conceit: 자만, 독단

Because dogs dislike bitter tastes, various sprays and gels have been designed to keep them from chewing on furniture or other objects. These compounds often contain bitter substances, which not only have a sharp taste but also cause a burning sensation in the mouth. ①Coating items with bitter­-tasting material will eventually keep most dogs from chewing on them, but the key word is eventually because the taste buds that sense bitterness are located on the rearmost third of the tongue. ②Therefore, a quick lick or fast gulp will not register the bitter taste. ③Rather, only prolonged chewing will let the bitterness work its way back to where it can be tasted. ④The arrangement of taste buds in dogs is somewhat similar to that in humans, with minor variations. ⑤Then the dog must also learn to associate the bitter taste with the particular object for the avoidance to be learned.

That ice can flow is contrary to everyday experience. An ice cube from the freezer placed on a table does not flow, it just sits there and melts. [/bold]

(A) This is why an ice cube cannot flow. But as size increases, gravity-­induced stress becomes greater while internal strength remains the same. Thus at some minimum thickness flow will begin in ice, or in any material for that matter.

(B) It is too small for flow to occur. An ice cube thousands of times larger would sag under its own weight and flow away as a glacier. Flow in ice is caused by gravity, the same force that makes the water of a river flow downhill.

(C) When gravity­-induced stress exceeds the force that holds the particles of water or ice together, the atoms and molecules slip past each other downslope. To exceed ice’s internal strength the downslope force produced by gravity must exceed some minimum value.

Imagine that you are dining with some people you have just met. You reach for the saltshaker, but suddenly one of the other guests, let’s call him Joe, looks at you sullenly, then snatches the salt away and puts it out of your reach.[/bold]

(A) At the restaurant, this is rude. In the game just mentioned, this is expected and acceptable behavior. Apparently, games give us a license to engage in conflicts, to prevent others from achieving their goals.

(B) However, if you were meeting the same people to play a board game, it would be completely acceptable for the same Joe to prevent you from winning the game. In the restaurant as well as in the game, Joe is aware of your intention, and Joe prevents you from doing what you are trying to do.

(C) Later, when you are leaving the restaurant, Joe dashes ahead of you and blocks the exit door from the outside. Joe is being rude―when you understand what another person is trying to do, it is offensive, or at least confrontational, to prevent that person from doing it.

Aside from heat, magma also exchanges chemical components with the surrounding rock, modifying both the composition of the magma and the surrounding rock. [/bold]

From the chemical point of view magma is an extremely complex system. (①) The chemical composition of magma does not remain constant over time but varies in response to variations in the environment in which it is located. (②) In contact with colder rocks, magma loses heat. (③) This change in temperature causes certain minerals to begin to crystallize, depriving the magma of those chemical components that are involved in the formation of the crystals while at the same time enriching the magma with other components that are not involved in the formation of the crystals. (④) Portions of rock can be incorporated into the magma, becoming molten or remaining as solid fragments within it. (⑤) In response to variations in chemical composition, temperature and most of all pressure, volatile substances contained in the magma like water or carbon dioxide can be released to form gas bubbles, producing great changes in the properties of the magma and in many cases leading to an eruption.
*volatile: 휘발성의

This belief in the persistence of Roman law throughout European history was not unique to Goethe or the nineteenth century in which he lived.[/bold]

Rome left an enduring legacy in many areas and multiple ways. However, one of its clearest bequests was its influence over the development of law. (①) There is a saying attributed to Goethe according to which Roman law was like a diving duck. (②) It could be swimming on the surface or diving deep in the water, but whether you saw it or not, it was always there. (③) It is currently shared by most historians, who usually begin the story of the development of law in Europe with Roman law. (④) Of course, Romans were not the first people to have a normative system, and, like all other societies, they constantly borrowed from neighboring societies, most particularly from the Hellenistic world. (⑤) It is also clear that Roman law evolved dramatically over time, continuously adapting to new circumstances and challenges.
*bequest: 유산

What lies behind the claim that so many people will take off to virtual worlds? Statistics show that the global market for video and computer game hardware and software today stands at about ten billion dollars annually and has risen continuously for the past several years. Digital games―the term that covers both video games and computer games―have long been the preserve of the young, but that distinction is fading. This is apparently not the sort of thing one gives up as one grows up; people born after 1980 seem to continue their gaming with more sophisticated and emotionally involved products. Consistent with this, industry statistics indicate that the average age of video gamers is rising by about one year each year. It is already in the thirties right now. People may change the kinds of games they are playing, but an interest in interactive entertainment media, once acquired, seems never to fade.

According to statistics, there have been ____(A)____ in the market demand for digital games, with gamers remaining in the market as they become ____(B)____.

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

A fundamental trait of human nature is its incredible capacity for adaptation. In the realm of human (a)psychology, research has long noted the essential trait of adapting to life’s events, whether happy or tragic. Whatever the hardship a person may experience, the indicators of satisfaction quickly return to their initial levels.
A person seems to get used to everything, which is both reassuring and depressing. Thus across time and space, the percentages of happy and unhappy people are remarkably (b)unstable. This is obviously mainly due to humans’ astonishing capacity of adaptation and imitation. Any wealth or any progress is relative, and quickly dissolves in a comparison with others. When millionaires are asked about the size of the fortune necessary to make them feel ‘truly at ease’, they all respond in the same way, whatever the level of income they have already attained: they need double what they already possess! The heart of the problem is that people do not (c)anticipate their own capacity to adapt. They think that they might be happy if they were given (a little) more and then they would be satisfied, but they are not. The rise in income to come always makes one dream, although once it is achieved, this rise is never (d)sufficient. For people compare their future income to their current aspirations, without taking into account the inevitable evolution of the aspirations. This is the principal key to the (e)vain quest for happiness.

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점][/bold]

A fundamental trait of human nature is its incredible capacity for adaptation. In the realm of human (a)psychology, research has long noted the essential trait of adapting to life’s events, whether happy or tragic. Whatever the hardship a person may experience, the indicators of satisfaction quickly return to their initial levels.
A person seems to get used to everything, which is both reassuring and depressing. Thus across time and space, the percentages of happy and unhappy people are remarkably (b)unstable. This is obviously mainly due to humans’ astonishing capacity of adaptation and imitation. Any wealth or any progress is relative, and quickly dissolves in a comparison with others. When millionaires are asked about the size of the fortune necessary to make them feel ‘truly at ease’, they all respond in the same way, whatever the level of income they have already attained: they need double what they already possess! The heart of the problem is that people do not (c)anticipate their own capacity to adapt. They think that they might be happy if they were given (a little) more and then they would be satisfied, but they are not. The rise in income to come always makes one dream, although once it is achieved, this rise is never (d)sufficient. For people compare their future income to their current aspirations, without taking into account the inevitable evolution of the aspirations. This is the principal key to the (e)vain quest for happiness.

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

밑줄 친 (a)∼(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?[/bold]

글의 ‘I’에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]