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There was a flash of movement in the window. Richard slowly began to step backwards. Quickly he opened the closet and went inside closing the door behind him. Heavy footsteps began to advance towards the room. Richard’s throat was dry, and his mind was racing out of control. Staring out into the room, Richard felt his heart pounding harder than it had ever pounded before. There now standing in the room, the same room Richard was in, was a man so hideous; it took his breath away. Suddenly the man began sniffing around the room. Richard knew he was about to be discovered. His heart began to pound faster.

What is your goal in writing a particular paper or giving a talk or doing a poster? You should be able to state this goal in one sentence. For example, one of Bob’s first papers as a psychology student was written to show that individual differences in children’s intelligence could not be explained by genetic factors alone. Sure, he reviewed the literature on inheritance of intelligence. And of course he reviewed the literature on environmental effects on intelligence. But he had no thesis. Good papers do not merely review literature and then say something like “there are many different points of view, all of which have something useful to say.” When you communicate via a paper, talk, or poster, be clear about what you want to show, and show it.

Plant and animal species are so diverse that the old saying “beauty is in the eye of the beholder” could be the perfect slogan for nature’s bounty. It’s easy for most people to see the breathtaking beauty found in the brightly colored wings of butterflies, a field of blooming wildflowers, or a forest of hardwood trees in their autumn glory. But what about snails and their trails of slime, rats with yellow teeth, or spiders that look like fierce aliens? These species are beautiful in their own right—just not in a traditional sense. Recognition of their unique beauty may require setting aside any preconceptions — or misconceptions — people may have about fungi, insects, or reptiles. People seem to be hardwired to see warm and fuzzy mammals as cute, while often lacking this innate and immediate attraction to the cold-­blooded, eight­-legged, or egg­-laying members of the animal kingdom. Yet beauty is in no short supply among these animals.
*bounty: 풍요로움  **slime: (끈끈한) 점액

During the last two decades many developing countries have joined the global tourism market as part of globalization processes and the fall of the Iron Curtain. These countries had suffered from negative public and media image which made it challenging for them to compete over tourists with countries with strong and familiar brands. In this global era, a problematic image is a major obstacle in attracting tourists, high­quality residents and investors. However, in the case of destinations suffering from prolonged image crises, it seems almost unrealistic to expect any target audience to visit a destination and “put aside” these long­lasting negative images and stereotypes, just because of an advertising campaign or other promotional effort. Tackling prolonged negative place images is crucial for developing tourism in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, Eastern Europe and Asia. Although these destinations differ greatly, in the eyes of many potential tourists they all suffer from weak place images, negative stereotypes and problematic perceptions.

With the general accessibility of photocopiers in student libraries, students tend to copy the relevant material for later use. In such cases the students are not always selective about what they copy. Often useless material is gathered that may seem important at the time but does not seem so in their study room on the night before an exam or essay due date. In addition, when most people photocopy material from books, they feel as if they have actually accomplished something. After all, a few photocopied pages in their notebook now represent information that used to be in a big, thick book. The reality of the situation is that nothing significant has been accomplished yet. The student only has the information in a transportable form. He or she has not learned anything from the material. The information content of the photocopied sheets is just as foreign as if it had been left on the library shelf.

The above graph shows how the United States managed solid waste compared to five European nations in 2011. ①The United States had lower percentages of “Recycling or composting” and “Energy from waste,” and a higher percentage of “Landfilled” than the five European nations. ②Burying solid waste in landfills was the most commonly used solid waste management technique in the United States, accounting for 69 percent of total solid waste disposal. ③On the other hand, “Landfilled” took up zero (or statistically insignificant) percent in Germany, the Netherlands and Austria, and just 1 percent in Belgium and Sweden respectively. ④Among the five European nations, Austria recorded the lowest percentage of “Energy from waste,” which was more than five times that of the United States. ⑤The United States recycled or composted about a quarter of its total solid waste, but Sweden recycled or composted half of its total solid waste.
*composting: 퇴비화

Jacqueline Cochran was raised by foster parents in a poor town in Florida. When she was about eight years old, the family moved to Columbus, Georgia, where she worked 12 hours a day in a factory. Her formal education lasted only two years; she learned to read and write on her own. In 1932 she met her future husband, Floyd Odlum, who encouraged her to learn to fly. Cochran loved flying and participated in many air races. Before World War II, she volunteered her services to the Royal Air Force. She recruited qualified women pilots in the United States and took them to England where they joined the air force. After the war, Cochran set more than 200 flight records in her career. In 1953, she became the first woman pilot to break the sound barrier. Additionally, she was the first female to pilot a jet across the Atlantic.

The repairman is called in when the ①smooth operation of our world has been disrupted, and at such moments our dependence on things normally taken for granted (for example, a toilet that flushes) is brought to vivid awareness. For this very reason, the repairman’s ②presence may make the narcissist uncomfortable. The problem isn’t so much that he is dirty or the job is messy. Rather, he seems to pose a ③challenge to our self­understanding that is somehow fundamental. We’re not as free and independent as we thought. Street-­level work that disrupts the infrastructure (the sewer system below or the electrical grid above) brings our shared ④isolation into view. People may inhabit very different worlds even in the same city, according to their wealth or poverty. Yet we all live in the same physical reality, ultimately, and owe a ⑤common debt to the world.
*narcissist: 자아도취자
**electrical grid: 전력망

The old maxim “I’ll sleep when I’m dead” is unfortunate. (A) Adopt / Adopting this mind­-set, and you will be dead sooner and the quality of that life will be worse. The elastic band of sleep deprivation can stretch only so far before it snaps. Sadly, human beings are in fact the only species that will deliberately deprive (B) them / themselves of sleep without legitimate gain. Every component of wellness, and countless seams of societal fabric, are being eroded by our costly state of sleep neglect: human and financial alike. So much so that the World Health Organization (WHO) has now declared a sleep loss epidemic throughout industrialized nations. It is no coincidence that countries (C) where / which sleep time has declined most dramatically over the past century, such as the US, the UK, Japan, and South Korea, and several in Western Europe, are also those suffering the greatest increase in rates of physical diseases and mental disorders.

Jack closed his eyes and took a deep breath. Then Dr. Davis showed up and plugged in his saw. Jack didn’t know if he was curious or just scared, but ①he had to watch as the blade spun toward his arm. The high­-pitched scream filled the small room and bounced off the cement block walls. ②He flinched to cover his ears, but Dr. Davis said, “Jack, hold still now. This’ll only take a minute.” Plaster dust sprayed up like a rooster tail as the saw sank into ③his cast. He ignored the dust flying and stared without blinking while Dr. Davis moved the blade up and down ④his arm, cutting deeper and deeper until the tension of the cast released. Slowly and skillfully, Dr. Davis moved the blade close to Jack’s pale skin as ⑤he cut the last bits of fiber that still held. Finally, the cast popped apart. Jack’s flattened arm hairs tried to stand on end as air rushed around them for the first time in weeks.
*flinch: 움찔하다

It is important to note that the primary goal of the professional athlete as well as many adults—winning—is far less important to children. In one of our own studies, we found that teams’ won-­lost records had nothing to do with how much young athletes liked their coaches or with their desire to play for the same coaches again. Interestingly, however, success of the team was related to how much the children thought their parents liked their coaches. The children also felt that the won­lost record influenced how much their coaches liked them. It appears that, even at very young ages, children begin to tune in to the __________________ on winning, even though they do not yet share it themselves. What children do share is a desire to have fun!

Sculpture in a public place is the emotional and aesthetic focal point of the elements in the surrounding environment. Any environment is unique with the diversity of its component elements, the connections between them and their appearance as a complete structure. This preliminary structural analysis and acquaintance with the site chosen for the sculpture is compulsory before working on its design; it is a requirement for _____________________. The proper understanding of the spatial characteristics of the elements, making up the whole multitude, as well as of the structural links between the constituent elements of this specific microcosm are preconditions for satisfactory design and an adequate sculptural solution. Contrary to the mechanical adding of one more element to the multitude, it is better to “weave” something more into the context of the existing structure.
*preliminary: 예비의
**microcosm: 작은 세계

Typically an individual cannot accurately assess the gains and costs likely to occur in social interactions. Even the intrinsic satisfactions associated with the individual’s own behaviors may turn sour if the other person somehow does the wrong thing. For example, a person may derive intrinsic satisfaction from helping others; so if the recipient reciprocates favor for favor, both intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction derive from the profitable interaction. However, the recipient may ignore or even resent the good­-intended gesture as patronizing and may verbally abuse the favor doer, thereby increasing the costs, perhaps spoiling the intrinsic satisfaction (gain) of the behavior, and hence leaving the favor doer with a net loss for the interaction. The consequences of interaction can be difficult to foresee because they ____________________________. [3점]
*reciprocate: 보답하다
**patronizing: 생색내는

Audiences appreciate aha moments so much that they also enjoy simply expecting them, even if the moment never comes. Somebody can enjoy a long book or television show that offers no answer for hours and hours if the genre itself promises a resolution. When the popular, mystic television show Lost ended, many fans erupted in indignation that the showrunners failed to resolve the series’ many puzzles. This deprived careful viewers of the final aha moment that they thought they’d been promised. Some people surely felt like they’d wasted weeks, even months, of their lives waiting for answers. But their final disappointment didn’t retroactively change the sincere thrill they’d felt throughout the series. Lost was a monster hit for many years because ______________________ , even though the writers were just stockpiling riddles without resolutions. Many people will put themselves through quite a bit of anguish if they expect fluent resolution at the end.
*indignation: 분개
**retroactively: 시간을 거슬러

Reading is a technology for perspective­--taking. When someone else’s thoughts are in your head, you are observing the world from that person’s vantage point. ①Not only are you taking in sights and sounds that you could not experience firsthand, but you have stepped inside that person’s mind and are temporarily sharing his or her attitudes and reactions. ②Empathy in the sense of adopting someone’s viewpoint is not the same as empathy in the sense of feeling compassion toward the person, but the first can lead to the second by a natural route. ③Stepping into someone else’s vantage point reminds you that the other fellow has a first­-person, present-­tense, ongoing stream of consciousness that is very much like your own but not the same as your own. ④Reading is a good habit because it  helps you to shape your character and boosts your confidence and personality. ⑤It’s not a big leap to suppose that the habit of reading other people’s words could put one in the habit of entering other people’s minds, including their pleasures and pains.
*vantage point: 관점

Land is always a scarce resource in urban development; high building density, by providing more built-­up space on individual sites, can maximize the utilization of the scarce urban land.

(A) However, some people argue that the opposite is also true. In order to achieve high building density, massive high­-rise buildings are inevitable, and these massive structures, crammed into small sites, can conversely result in very little open space and a congested cityscape.

(B) High building density, therefore, helps to reduce the pressure to develop open spaces and releases more land for communal facilities and services to improve the quality of urban living.

(C) This may happen when high­density development is carried out without planning. Therefore, in order to avoid the negative impacts of high density, thorough planning and appropriate density control are essential.

*cram: 밀어 넣다

Music is a specialized branch of learning, at least as it applies to the musician. While we might expect that members of society who take part in singing only as members of a larger group may learn their music through imitation, musicianship, seen as a special skill, usually requires more directed learning.[/bold]

(A) Behaviors which are successful have persisted in the form of customs, while those which are unsuccessful have suffered extinction. This accumulation of adaptive habits is passed on to the child; he does not simply learn through imitation how to get along in the world; rather, he is enculturated.

(B) It may be added that in any society an individual learns only a small portion of his cultural habits by free trial-­and-­error, for in this way he would learn only those habits which were most rewarding to him and to him alone.

(C) Such indiscriminate and selfish learning cannot be allowed by society; the individual must learn behavior which is specified in the culture as being correct or best. Such behavior is, of course, the result of the learning process as carried on by previous generations.

* enculturate: 문화에 적응시키다
** indiscriminate: 마구잡이의

They even ignored a dying gaslight industry’s warning to its few remaining customers that electric light projected a toxic ray that would turn their skin green and increase their death rate.[/bold]

Recovering from a series of early failures, Edison regained his reputation as a great inventor, and electric wiring in the home gained wide acceptance. (①) It wasn’t that people necessarily became less fearful of electricity, but rather, as they became more familiar with it, they began to believe that the risks could be managed with some safety precautions. (②) People began to accept the trade­-off of the risk of accidental death from electricity for better and cheaper lighting and work­-saving electrical appliances. (③) They simultaneously experienced a lower risk of candle and gaslight fires. (④) This made-­up claim was seen by the public as the scare tactic that it was, and they were unmoved. (⑤) Gas lighting in homes soon disappeared, and the death rate from house fires decreased accordingly.

And yet for many potential subjects, cooperating with journalists is still a bargain worth striking.[/bold]

In today’s digital environment, appearing in the mainstream news is still an important way citizens can communicate with a broader community about events and issues. (①) Journalists can provide credibility, status, and a guaranteed large audience that many citizens do not feel they can get any other way. (②) However, to access those benefits, subjects must yield control to journalists over how their stories are told to the public. (③) That is a big risk, since news stories have a great deal of credibility with their audiences: whether subjects themselves feel the news coverage is accurate or not, they will have to deal with the consequences of many people believing it. (④) If news coverage portrays them as socially deviant or otherwise morally unfit, the resulting stigma can be profound and enduring. (⑤) The benefits of addressing, or simply displaying oneself to, a large news audience can be so great that many subjects conclude they are worth the risks of being misrepresented.
*subject: 취재 대상
**deviant: 일탈한  ***stigma: 오명

Major long­term threats to deep­-sea fishes, as with all life on the planet, derive from trends of global climate change. Although deep-­sea fishes are generally cold­-water species, warming of the oceans itself may not be a direct threat. Many of the deep­-sea fishes originated during the early Cretaceous when the deep sea was warm, and the Mediterranean Sea, which is warm down to a depth of over 5,000m, is populated by deep-­sea fishes. On the other hand, substantial changes may be expected in ocean ecosystems over the next 100 years driven by an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and consequent ocean acidification resulting from burning of fossil fuels. Although the effects on deep-­sea fishes are likely to be indirect through loss of coral habitats and changes in prey availability, larval stages of deep-­sea fishes in the surface layers of the ocean may be directly affected by acidity.
*Cretaceous: 백악기(白堊紀) **larval: 유생의

Changes in sea ____(A)____ may not pose an immediate threat to deep­-sea fishes, and yet changes in seawater ____(B)____ may directly affect them in their larval stages.

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

Alex Pentland’s Human Dynamics Laboratory at MIT investigated a huge Bank of America call center where the emphasis was on productivity; reducing the average call handle time at that one call center by just 5 percent would save the company $1 million a year. The bank grouped employees into teams of about twenty, but they didn’t interact much, in part because their work was entirely solitary, sitting in a cubicle with a phone and a computer. They were unlikely to run into each other very often anyway because the bank staggered break times in order to keep staffing levels steady. Here was a team that barely justified the term.
Yet the members did interact a bit, and when Pentland asked them to wear the sociometric badges for six weeks, he found that the best predictor of team productivity was how much the members interacted in the little time they had, and what he calls “engagement,” the degree to which all team members were involved in the interaction. So Pentland proposed that managers try an experiment: Give a whole twenty­-person team their coffee break at the same time. In a call center of over 3,000 employees, it was easy to shift others’ breaks to maintain service. The result was that group members interacted more, though it still wasn’t much; more of them were involved in the interaction; and productivity rocketed. The effects were so clear that the bank switched to ________________ breaks at all its call centers, estimating the move would save $15 million a year.
*stagger: 서로 엇갈리게 하다
**sociometric: 사회 관계를 측정하는

글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점][/bold]

Alex Pentland’s Human Dynamics Laboratory at MIT investigated a huge Bank of America call center where the emphasis was on productivity; reducing the average call handle time at that one call center by just 5 percent would save the company $1 million a year. The bank grouped employees into teams of about twenty, but they didn’t interact much, in part because their work was entirely solitary, sitting in a cubicle with a phone and a computer. They were unlikely to run into each other very often anyway because the bank staggered break times in order to keep staffing levels steady. Here was a team that barely justified the term.
Yet the members did interact a bit, and when Pentland asked them to wear the sociometric badges for six weeks, he found that the best predictor of team productivity was how much the members interacted in the little time they had, and what he calls “engagement,” the degree to which all team members were involved in the interaction. So Pentland proposed that managers try an experiment: Give a whole twenty­-person team their coffee break at the same time. In a call center of over 3,000 employees, it was easy to shift others’ breaks to maintain service. The result was that group members interacted more, though it still wasn’t much; more of them were involved in the interaction; and productivity rocketed. The effects were so clear that the bank switched to ________________ breaks at all its call centers, estimating the move would save $15 million a year.
*stagger: 서로 엇갈리게 하다
**sociometric: 사회 관계를 측정하는

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?[/bold]

글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]