Dear Sir,

Your organization is one of the major contributors to the community of Queens, and we are happy to be doing business with you. I am delighted to inform you that we have started another venture under the name “Happy Kids Day Care Center” within the Queens community. With our new facility we will be able to provide care for 100 kids in our community. The opening ceremony of our day care center is scheduled for Thursday, July 20, 2017, at 11:00 a.m. The event will be attended by our close business friends, our company members, and a few parents who have already enrolled their children in our first group. We would be extremely grateful if you could come to the event and be a part of our celebration. Kindly inform us of your decision as soon as possible.

Yours faithfully,
Dave Manly

When my turn came, I was very confident. It was as if I knew, without a doubt, that the talented side of me really did exist. I had no fear whatsoever, no nervousness. I looked out over the audience, and I started to play. It was so beautiful. I was so caught up in how lovely I looked that at first I didn’t worry how I would sound. So it was a surprise to me when I hit the first wrong note and I realized something didn’t sound quite right. And then I hit another, and another followed that. A chill started at the top of my head and began to spread. Yet I couldn’t stop playing, as though my hands were bewitched. I played this strange mess through two repeats, the sour notes staying with me all the way to the end.

Coach Wooden often described his team as a finely tuned automobile. The top scorer or “star” of the team is the engine. But, no matter how powerful your engine is, you won’t get very far if you don’t have any wheels. Great scorers need ball handlers and passers to get them the ball. Those who play tenacious defense and put the ball in the scorer’s hands are the wheels. And what of the players at the end of the bench who rarely get in the game? They are the nuts and bolts that hold the wheels in place. Thus, every member of the team is important, from the players on the court to the people who pick up the towels in the locker room. And no one knows when each team member will have the greatest impact: the greatest element in stardom is the rest of the team.
*tenacious: 집요한, 끈질긴

In the drama of the theater, suspense follows a predictable recipe. Suspense occurs when well-­liked main characters struggle to overcome obstacles and cope triumphantly with threats and dangers to their well­-being. Such events occasion hopes and fears in the audience―hopes for positive outcomes and fears of negative outcomes to the liked persons. Suspense thrives on hopes and fears. Seeing the hero battle obstacles and overcome crises engages the viewer in an emotional struggle in which the drama’s storyline and its conclusion events carry an emotional impact that would otherwise be missing. For instance, we feel little curiosity upon watching a Pony Express rider deliver mail at the next outpost, but we feel great curiosity via suspense if that same rider is a Western hero who loses his horse to a hostile environment, overcomes rattlesnake bites, outsmarts evil­minded outlaws, and otherwise fights his way triumphantly to the next outpost.

We humans share our understanding of “what is out there” in the world, but we are not entirely born into it. We all begin in a kind of sensory chaos―what William James called an “aboriginal sensible muchness”: a more or less undifferentiated mass of sounds and lights, colors and textures and smells. When we are growing up, we learn to bring attention to certain elements and to ignore others. By adulthood, we all agree on what is “out there.” But let’s focus on what we ignore: so much! The patterns of pebbles  in asphalt, the pitch of a radiator’s hiss, our own heart beating tangibly in our fingertips and temples. The infant has a mind unrestricted by experience: he has no expectations, so he is not closed off from experiencing something anew.    
*aboriginal: 원래의  **temple: 관자놀이

One of the common problems of sensitive people is an excess of delta brainwaves. If you are one of these people, you might appear overly sensitive to the thoughts, feelings, and needs of other people. Your unconscious mind is picking up too many stimuli from the outside world and absorbing them inappropriately. What do you do with these stimuli? A common response is to assume that other people’s painful emotions are your own, with very little differentiation between what is yours and what is not yours. Or, because you are more aware of other people’s discomforts, you might feel a need to take responsibility for them―to fix them. Sometimes this desire to fix them is simply an urge to alleviate the pain that you are feeling yourself as a result of being too interconnected with others’ emotions. Sometimes it is a more complex psychological game: because you can feel it so strongly, you must somehow have caused it. Therefore you feel guilty unless you do something about it.

The graph above illustrates the number of people Canadians could turn to for support in an emergency by type of help in 2014. ①More than half of Canadians surveyed reported more than 5 people that they could count on if they needed emotional support, help with a physical injury, or a place to stay or help in an evacuation. ②For the same types of help, more than 30% reported 1 to 5 people they could rely on for assistance. ③Financial support, however, shows a different pattern, with just 24% indicating that there were more than 5 people they could turn to. ④Still, over half of individuals reported having 1 to 5 people that could assist them financially in an emergency. ⑤In each category of help, except for financial support, more than 10% of respondents said that they had no one to rely on for assistance.
*evacuation: 피난, 대피

Charles Richard Drew was born in 1904 in Washington, D.C. Drew graduated from McGill University Medical School in Montreal, Canada, ranking second in a class of 137. Drew did graduate work and earned his doctorate of medical science from Columbia University. Drew’s research led to the discovery that blood plasma could replace whole blood in transfusions. He set up and administered the British blood bank from 1940 to 1941, and also served as medical director of the American Red Cross project to collect and store blood in 1941. Drew was dropped from the American Red Cross project because he objected to the policy of refusing the blood of black donors. He asserted that there was no scientific difference between the blood of blacks and whites. In 1950, he was seriously injured in a car accident in Alabama and died from having lost too much blood.      
*blood plasma: 혈장

2017 Melbourne Marathon

Apply NOW to join us for the 2017 Melbourne Marathon. In addition to the thousands that participate in the full 42.195 km marathon, tens of thousands of people run the half marathon. There are also course options for beginners at lengths of 3 km, 5.7 km and 10 km.

Profits from the event will help fund new research to fight heart disease, which might save your life or the life of someone you love.

◈ Start & Finish Location: Melbourne Cricket Ground

◈ Event Date: October 15, 2017

◈ Course Information
Course                         Start Time            Admission
Full Marathon           7:00 a.m.                   $155
Half Marathon          8:00 a.m.                   $120
10 km Run                  7:30 a.m.                    $59
5.7 km Run                11:00 a.m.                  $44
3 km Walk                  11:15 a.m.                  $35

For more information, visit www.melbournepoint.com.

Arizona Student Film Festival

The 2017 Arizona Student Film Festival will be held as part of the 2017 Phoenix Film Festival. Now is the time to enter your films to be part of this great event!

∙ We are accepting films from Arizona high school students.

∙ Films must have been made this year and must be under 8 minutes in length.

∙ The submission fee is only $10.

∙ The festival will be a 9­day celebration running from September 15 to 23, 2017, including weekends.

∙ Films selected for the Arizona Students Film Festival will be screened at the Phoenix Film Festival.

∙ Send in your entry form and your video link to registration@asff.com. Please note that we won’t accept a DVD or CD copy of your film.

∙ Submissions must be entered by Friday, August 4, 2017.

There is a reason that prey animals form foraging groups, and that is increased vigilance. An individual redshank is faced with a choice when feeding. It could spend all of its time being vigilant, looking out for approaching ①predators. If it did so, it would certainly significantly reduce the chance that it would be taken by surprise, but it would also ②starve. A bird with its head in the air scanning for predators cannot at the same time have its head down searching for food. In reality of course an individual balances the two behaviors in accordance with the situation in which it finds itself, and as a member of a group it can shift the balance towards ③feeding. The bigger the flock of birds, the less time an individual bird devotes to ④relaxation. This is possible because the ⑤presence of many sets of eyes in the flock effectively means that there is always somebody on the look out.
*vigilance: 경계

The most dramatic and significant contacts between civilizations were ①when people from one civilization conquered and eliminated the people of another. These contacts normally were not only violent but brief, and ②they occurred only occasionally. Beginning in the seventh century A.D., relatively ③sustained and at times intense intercivilizational contacts did develop between Islam and the West and Islam and India. Most commercial, cultural, and military interactions, however, were within civilizations. While India and China, for instance, were on occasion invaded and subjected by other peoples (Moguls, Mongols), both civilizations ④having extensive times of “warring states” within their own civilization as well. Similarly, the Greeks fought each other and traded with each other far more often than they ⑤did with Persians or other non-­Greeks.

Sir Humphry Davy recognized ‘the potential scientist’ in Michael Faraday. At that time Davy was working on chlorine. ①He was working very hard to prove that chlorine was an element and not a compound of oxygen as held by many scientists of the day. Davy encouraged Faraday to assist him in ②his experiments, and Faraday agreed with great enthusiasm. In October 1813, Davy went upon a tour of Europe along with ③his wife. He asked Faraday to accompany him as ④his assistant. Faraday’s pleasure knew no bounds on this bonus offer. He accepted the offer and went along with Davy and his wife and a few others. Till then, Faraday had not seen much outside London. Davy’s offer was simply exciting. Faraday had to resign his job before going on the tour. However, Davy promised to reappoint ⑤him on their returning from the tour. The tour was a wonderful opportunity for self­education.
*chlorine:[화학] 염소

In a classic experiment from 1972, participants were divided into two groups. The members of the first group were told that they would receive a small electric shock. In the second group, subjects were told that the risk of this happening was only 50 percent. The researchers measured physical anxiety (heart rate, nervousness, sweating, etc.) shortly before starting. The result was, well, shocking: There was absolutely no difference. Participants in both groups were equally stressed. Next, the researchers announced a series of reductions in the probability of a shock for the second group: from 50 percent to 20 percent, then 10 percent, then 5 percent. The result: still no difference! However, when they declared they would increase the strength of the expected current, both groups’ anxiety levels rose—again, by the same degree. This illustrates that we respond to the expected magnitude of an event, but not to its ______________.

How can a design innovate successfully? By ___________, always considering the interaction between the new ideas and the current work practice. Consider the history of the word processor. Originally, everyone used typewriters, and typing became the work model users understood. Early word processors stayed close to the typewriter model. They just provided better typing and better correction. Then word processors introduced cut and paste—metaphors taken from the physical operations of cutting with scissors and pasting with glue, something everyone had to do already. These features were an easy extension of the model. Then word processors introduced multiple buffers and multiple documents open at a time, making it easy to share and transfer text across documents. Then they introduced automatic word­wrapping and multiple fonts, and desktop publishing was born. Each step was an easy increment over the previous, and each step walked the user community a little further away from the typewriter model.
*increment:증가

It is important to understand the distinction between energy and power. While units of energy measure the total quantity of work done, they don’t tell us how fast that work is being accomplished. For example, you could lift a one-­ton rock up the side of a mountain using only a small electric motor and a system of pulleys, but it would take a long time. A more powerful electric motor could do the job faster, while a still more powerful rocket engine could rapidly propel a payload of identical weight to the top of the mountain in a matter of seconds. Power is therefore defined as the ________________. Think of it as energy per unit of time. The standard unit of electrical power is the watt (W). The amount of electrical energy a 10W light bulb uses depends on how long it is lit: in one hour, it will use 10Wh of energy. In the same amount of time, a hundred thousand such bulbs would use 1000 kilowatt-­hours (kWh), which equals 1megawatt-­hour (MWh).

To some participants, the principal value of fair trade lies not in changing the logic of markets but in _____________________. Unequal terms of trade, protective tariffs, quality standards, and other barriers have long combined to deny farmers in the global South, both small and large, access to profitable consumer markets in the rich nations. At the same time, they watch as their economies are flooded by the dumping of heavily subsidized, impossibly cheap food and consumer products from abroad that undermine their efforts simply to make ends meet. In this view, then, trade justice consists of facilitating access for producers to the Northern markets from which they have traditionally been excluded. This is the stance of many producer groups in the South, some of the Alternative Trading Organizations that work directly with them, some for­profit businesses engaged in fair trade, and many certifying organizations.            
*tariff: 관세  **the global South: 제3세계

Robots are mechanical creatures that we make in the laboratory, so whether we have killer robots or friendly robots depends on the direction of AI research. ①In the West, much of the funding comes from the military, which is specifically given authority to win wars, so killer robots are a definite possibility. ②However, since 30 percent of all commercial robots are manufactured in Japan, there is another possibility: robots will be designed to become helpful playmates and workers from the very beginning. ③The purpose for developing robot characters in online games is to make the players get enthusiastic. ④This goal is within reach if the consumer sector dominates robotics research. ⑤The philosophy of “friendly AI” is that inventors should create robots that, from the very first steps, are programmed to be beneficial to humans.

It is possible to measure how far away from us each galaxy is. How? How, for that matter, do we know how far away anything in the universe is? For nearby stars the best method uses something called ‘parallax’.

(A) All you need to know is how far apart your eyes are, and you can calculate the distance from eyes to finger by the size of the hops. That is the parallax method of estimating distances.

(B) Hold your finger up in front of your face and look at it with your left eye closed. Now open your left eye and close your right. Keep switching eyes, and you’ll notice that the apparent position of your finger hops from side to side.

(C) That is because of the difference between the viewpoints of your two eyes. Move your finger nearer, and the hops will become greater. Move your finger farther away and the hops become smaller.

A set of problems in social science centers on the limitations and design of social science research.It is not really possible to conduct some forms of controlled experiments on human beings.

(A) But in real­-world observations, we cannot control many factors; this makes it difficult to pinpoint what it is that causes the behavior that we are studying. Moreover, even where some experimentation is permitted, human beings frequently modify their behavior simply because they know they are being observed in a social science experiment.

(B) For example, we cannot deliberately subject people to poverty and deprivation in order to make the necessary observations about causes of violence. In a laboratory, we can control all or most of the factors that go into the experimental situation.

(C) This phenomenon, known as the Hawthorne effect, makes it difficult to determine whether the observed behavior is a product of the stimulus being introduced or merely a product of the experimental situation itself.

But equally evidently a late­-acting lethal will be more stable in the gene pool than an early-­acting lethal.

Any gene exerts its maximum effect on bodies at some particular stage of life, and lethals and semilethals are not exceptions. (①) Most genes exert their influence during foetal life, others during childhood, others during young adulthood, others in middle age, and yet others in old age. (②) Obviously lethal genes will tend to be removed from the gene pool. (③) A gene that is lethal in an older body may still be successful in the gene pool, provided its lethal effect does not show itself until after the body has had time to do at least some reproducing. (④) For instance, a gene that made old bodies develop cancer could be passed on to numerous offspring because the individuals would reproduce before they got cancer. (⑤) On the other hand, a gene that made young adult bodies develop cancer would not be passed on to very many offspring, and a gene that made young children develop fatal cancer would not be passed on to any offspring at all.
*lethal: 치사 유전자  **foetal: 태아의

At the opposite end of the spectrum are those who want to assign an exact figure to everything.

Attitudes to measuring in the kitchen tend to be polarized. On the one hand, there are creative spirits who claim that they never weigh or measure anything. (①) If you ask for a recipe from such a person, you will be told airily, “Oh, I never look at a cookbook”; if they do consult recipes, they happily play fast and loose with quantities. (②) Every meal they cook is pure invention, pure instinct: cooking is an art and cannot be reduced to numbers. (③) They view recipes as strict formulas, not to be changed. (④) If a recipe calls for 325ml double cream and a carton contains only 300ml, then such people will anxiously buy a second carton to make up the shortfall. (⑤) People in this group are more likely to think that what they are doing is scientific, the idea being that the more we can measure and pin cooking down, the more like science it will be.

Paradoxes are statements that seem contradictory but are actually true. Paradoxical values are found within cultures and between cultures. An example is the individual freedom-­belonging paradox. Individualism is a strong element of American society, and so is the need to belong. It seems paradoxical that both freedom and belonging are strong values of a single culture. The explanation is that in an individualistic society where people want to “do things their own way” and “go it alone,” people tend to become lonely if they don’t make an effort to belong. The opposite is found in Japan, where belonging is an integral part of society, and it takes an effort to behave in an individualistic way. According to the American Society of Association Executives in Washington, D.C., in 1995, there were some 100,000 associations and clubs in the United States. Seven of every 10 Americans belong to at least one club. There is no such phenomenon in Japan.

Certain ____(A)____ values that exist in one culture also exist in another culture but ____(B)____.

Why did billions of dollars start flowing from governments and businesses into labs and universities? In academic circles, many are naive enough to believe in pure science. They believe that government and business altruistically give them money to pursue whatever research projects strike their fancy. But this hardly describes the realities of science funding.
Most scientific studies are funded because somebody believes they can help attain some political, economic, or religious goal. ____(A)____, in the sixteenth century, kings and bankers channelled enormous resources to finance geographical expeditions around the world but not a penny for studying child psychology. This is because kings and bankers surmised that the discovery of new geographical knowledge would enable them to conquer new lands and set up trade empires, whereas they couldn’t see any profit in understanding child psychology. In the 1940s the governments of America and the Soviet Union channelled enormous resources to the study of nuclear physics rather than underwater archaeology. They surmised that studying nuclear physics would enable them to develop nuclear weapons, whereas underwater archaeology was unlikely to help win wars. Scientists themselves are not always aware of the political, economic, and religious interests that control the flow of money. Many scientists do, in fact, act out of pure intellectual curiosity. ____(B)____, only rarely do scientists dictate the scientific agenda.  
*surmise: 추측하다

Why did billions of dollars start flowing from governments and businesses into labs and universities? In academic circles, many are naive enough to believe in pure science. They believe that government and business altruistically give them money to pursue whatever research projects strike their fancy. But this hardly describes the realities of science funding.
Most scientific studies are funded because somebody believes they can help attain some political, economic, or religious goal. ____(A)____, in the sixteenth century, kings and bankers channelled enormous resources to finance geographical expeditions around the world but not a penny for studying child psychology. This is because kings and bankers surmised that the discovery of new geographical knowledge would enable them to conquer new lands and set up trade empires, whereas they couldn’t see any profit in understanding child psychology. In the 1940s the governments of America and the Soviet Union channelled enormous resources to the study of nuclear physics rather than underwater archaeology. They surmised that studying nuclear physics would enable them to develop nuclear weapons, whereas underwater archaeology was unlikely to help win wars. Scientists themselves are not always aware of the political, economic, and religious interests that control the flow of money. Many scientists do, in fact, act out of pure intellectual curiosity. ____(B)____, only rarely do scientists dictate the scientific agenda.  
*surmise: 추측하다

(A) Andrew Marks was in my sixth­grade homeroom and was bright, kind, rosy­cheeked, well dressed, and a little chubby. During recess one day, Andrew got involved in a card game of Uno with three other boys: Timmy, Travis, and a fourth boy whose name I don’t remember. I don’t know the rules of Uno, but apparently there are a couple of different ways you can play, various alternative rules and strategies that everyone must agree on at the beginning of the game. At that time I thought the boys did not confirm in advance what the rules would be because early on in the game Timmy managed to successfully execute a very rare move, and the three others told (a)him to take it back.

(B)  I knew I needed to step in despite the fact that my intervention could make things even worse. But before I could stand up I heard Andrew confront Travis, saying, “Leave (b)him alone. So what if he’s crying? You still cry sometimes, don’t you?” And that was it. In a poem I wrote I call it the “noblest act of courage I have ever seen,” and it still makes me shiver. Andrew was not exactly immune to Travis’s cruelty; Travis could easily have teased Andrew for being fat for his size, as he often did.

(C)  He was quite pleased with himself for placing his cards on the discard pile and was naturally crushed when the three other boys all told (c) him the move was not allowed in that particular game, that they were “not playing that way.” Timmy took his cards back, but (d) his bottom lip began to quiver. Seeing that vulnerability, cruel Travis began circling for the kill. “What? Are you about to cry? It’s just a game! And you’re going to cry? Look at Timmy, everyone, he’s crying! What a big baby!”

(D)  Nevertheless, Andrew Marks, knowing that what he was witnessing was bullying, pure and simple, put himself between the bully and the victim and took the bullet. When I called his mother that night to tell her what had happened, I think I cried myself. I told Mrs. Marks that Andrew was the kind of student who made me proud to be a teacher and that I had wanted to be just like (e) him when I was growing up.

(A) Andrew Marks was in my sixth­grade homeroom and was bright, kind, rosy­cheeked, well dressed, and a little chubby. During recess one day, Andrew got involved in a card game of Uno with three other boys: Timmy, Travis, and a fourth boy whose name I don’t remember. I don’t know the rules of Uno, but apparently there are a couple of different ways you can play, various alternative rules and strategies that everyone must agree on at the beginning of the game. At that time I thought the boys did not confirm in advance what the rules would be because early on in the game Timmy managed to successfully execute a very rare move, and the three others told (a)him to take it back.

(B)  I knew I needed to step in despite the fact that my intervention could make things even worse. But before I could stand up I heard Andrew confront Travis, saying, “Leave (b)him alone. So what if he’s crying? You still cry sometimes, don’t you?” And that was it. In a poem I wrote I call it the “noblest act of courage I have ever seen,” and it still makes me shiver. Andrew was not exactly immune to Travis’s cruelty; Travis could easily have teased Andrew for being fat for his size, as he often did.

(C)  He was quite pleased with himself for placing his cards on the discard pile and was naturally crushed when the three other boys all told (c) him the move was not allowed in that particular game, that they were “not playing that way.” Timmy took his cards back, but (d) his bottom lip began to quiver. Seeing that vulnerability, cruel Travis began circling for the kill. “What? Are you about to cry? It’s just a game! And you’re going to cry? Look at Timmy, everyone, he’s crying! What a big baby!”

(D)  Nevertheless, Andrew Marks, knowing that what he was witnessing was bullying, pure and simple, put himself between the bully and the victim and took the bullet. When I called his mother that night to tell her what had happened, I think I cried myself. I told Mrs. Marks that Andrew was the kind of student who made me proud to be a teacher and that I had wanted to be just like (e) him when I was growing up.

(A) Andrew Marks was in my sixth­grade homeroom and was bright, kind, rosy­cheeked, well dressed, and a little chubby. During recess one day, Andrew got involved in a card game of Uno with three other boys: Timmy, Travis, and a fourth boy whose name I don’t remember. I don’t know the rules of Uno, but apparently there are a couple of different ways you can play, various alternative rules and strategies that everyone must agree on at the beginning of the game. At that time I thought the boys did not confirm in advance what the rules would be because early on in the game Timmy managed to successfully execute a very rare move, and the three others told (a)him to take it back.

(B)  I knew I needed to step in despite the fact that my intervention could make things even worse. But before I could stand up I heard Andrew confront Travis, saying, “Leave (b)him alone. So what if he’s crying? You still cry sometimes, don’t you?” And that was it. In a poem I wrote I call it the “noblest act of courage I have ever seen,” and it still makes me shiver. Andrew was not exactly immune to Travis’s cruelty; Travis could easily have teased Andrew for being fat for his size, as he often did.

(C)  He was quite pleased with himself for placing his cards on the discard pile and was naturally crushed when the three other boys all told (c) him the move was not allowed in that particular game, that they were “not playing that way.” Timmy took his cards back, but (d) his bottom lip began to quiver. Seeing that vulnerability, cruel Travis began circling for the kill. “What? Are you about to cry? It’s just a game! And you’re going to cry? Look at Timmy, everyone, he’s crying! What a big baby!”

(D)  Nevertheless, Andrew Marks, knowing that what he was witnessing was bullying, pure and simple, put himself between the bully and the victim and took the bullet. When I called his mother that night to tell her what had happened, I think I cried myself. I told Mrs. Marks that Andrew was the kind of student who made me proud to be a teacher and that I had wanted to be just like (e) him when I was growing up.