To whom it may concern:

I am writing this email concerning one of your products. The image on your product “Indian Green” soup is not of an Indian dance but a Korean one. The image shows Buchaechum, a traditional Korean fan dance. It is clear that in the image the dancers are wearing traditional Korean dress. I searched online for images of an Indian fan dance, and of course, it looks very different from a Korean one. I know your company is putting a lot of effort into presenting authentic flavors, but I’m afraid that this one small mistake could damage your company’s reputation. I sincerely hope that you correct this as soon as possible.

Sincerely,
Susan Lee

The wind continued to blow harder. He couldn’t measure it by any conscious process, but he knew somehow that it was blowing harder. Not far away a tree was uprooted. Other trees were falling, spinning and criss-crossing like matches. He was amazed at the power of the wind. The tree he was holding onto was swaying dangerously. Nearby, a woman was wailing and clutching a little girl, who in turn hung on to her cat. The sea washed across the strip of sand. He saw the silhouettes of people huddled together against the churning white of the lagoon. Things were getting worse every second.
*lagoon: 석호(潟湖)

Are you a ‘rushaholic’? Do you happen to live in a fast-paced city, where you feel in a constant hurry? A recent poll of over 1,000 Americans found that nearly half felt they lacked enough time in daily life. ‘Time famine’―the feeling of having too much to do and not enough time to do it―is the cause of unnecessary stress and reduced performance. We all tend to rush when we have so many things to do, and that negatively affects our performance. Doing things quickly actually ends up slowing you down, such as when you rush out of your house only to realize you forgot your keys, phone, or wallet on the kitchen table. Driving faster will not get you to your destination any sooner. Assuming that by doing things faster you will get more done is a trap.

The trio of freeze, flight, and fight are fairly universal behavioral defensive reactions in mammals and other vertebrate species. But some species have other options available, such as “playing dead,” which is also called tonic immobility. Like freezing, this behavior can help prevent attack, but whereas in freezing muscles are contracted and poised to be used in fight or flight, in tonic immobility the muscles of the body are relaxed. Another such response is defensive burying: Rodents will use their paws and head to shovel dirt toward an aversive stimulus. Other behavioral options include making loud noises, retreating into a shell, rolling into a tight ball, choosing to live in a predator-free area such as underground, or relying on safety in numbers by living in a group.
*vertebrate: 척추동물의 **aversive: 혐오의

Katherine Schreiber and Leslie Sim, experts on exercise addiction, recognized that smartwatches and fitness trackers have probably inspired sedentary people to take up exercise, and encouraged people who aren’t very active to exercise more consistently. But they were convinced the devices were also quite dangerous. Schreiber explained that focusing on numbers separates people from being in tune with their body. Exercising becomes mindless, which is ‘the goal’ of addiction. This ‘goal’ that she mentioned is a sort of automatic mindlessness, the outsourcing of decision making to a device. She recently sustained a stress fracture in her foot because she refused to listen to her overworked body, instead continuing to run toward an unreasonable workout target. Schreiber has suffered from addictive exercise tendencies, and vows not to use wearable tech when she works out.
*sedentary: 주로 앉아서 지내는

Your sense of smell links you directly with your feelings, instincts and memories. Scents have the power to stimulate states of well-being. By utilizing aromas in your daily habits, you can enjoy the advantages of an intense state of health. Find a scent that you like and inhale its perfume at times when you’re feeling calmed and at peace. Perhaps it’s the incense that you burn during meditation, a torch that you light during a calming bath, or an aromatic oil spray that you put on your cushion before bedtime. In time, your body will connect these relaxed feelings with the usage of that specific scent. When you encounter a moment of stress, you can smell the aroma that you connect with a state of relax and that will produce a calming response throughout your whole body.
*incense: 향

The above graph shows the distribution of employment status by country income group. ①In low income countries, the largest employment status group was own account or unpaid family workers, followed by temporary or no contract workers, permanent workers, and employers. ②In middle income countries, although own account or unpaid family workers comprised the largest employment status group, their proportion was 28 percentage points lower than that of low income countries. ③The proportion of temporary or no contract workers in middle income countries was more than twice that of permanent workers in middle income countries. ④In high income countries, employers accounted for 3.4%, which was larger than the proportion of employers in each of the other two country income groups, respectively. ⑤The smallest percentage point gap between permanent workers and temporary or no contract workers was found in high income countries.

Francis Crick, the Nobel Prize-winning codiscoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule, was born in Northampton, England in 1916. He attended University College London, where he studied physics, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1937. He soon began conducting research toward a Ph.D., but his path was interrupted by the outbreak of World War Ⅱ. During the war, he was involved in naval weapons research, working on the development of magnetic and acoustic mines. After the war, Dr. R. V. Jones, the head of Britain’s wartime scientific intelligence, asked Crick to continue the work, but Crick decided to continue his studies, this time in biology. In 1951, Crick met James Watson, a young American biologist, at the Strangeways Research Laboratory. They formed a collaborative working relationship solving the mysteries of the structure of DNA.

What comes to mind when we think about time? Let us go back to 4,000 B.C. in ancient China where some early clocks were invented. ①To demonstrate the idea of time to temple students, Chinese priests used to dangle a rope from the temple ceiling with knots representing the hours. They would light it with a flame from the bottom so that it burnt evenly, ②indicating the passage of time. Many temples burnt down in those days. The priests were obviously not too happy about that until someone invented a clock ③was made of water buckets. It worked by punching holes in a large bucket ④full of water, with markings representing the hours, to allow water to flow out at a constant rate. The temple students would then measure time by how fast the bucket drained. It was much better than burning ropes for sure, but more importantly, it taught the students ⑤that once time was gone, it could never be recovered.

A lot of people find that physical movement can sometimes dispel negative feelings. If we are feeling negative, it can be very easy for us to stop wanting to stay (A) active / inactive in our everyday life. This is why many people who suffer from depression are also found sleeping in and having no motivation to go outside or exercise. Unfortunately, this (B) excess / lack of exercise can actually compound many negative emotions. Exercise and movement is a great way for us to start getting rid of negative energies. Many people find that when they are angry, they go into a state where they want to exercise or clean. This is actually a very healthy and positive thing for you to do and a great way for you to begin to (C) deconstruct / intensify your negative emotions so that they no longer affect your life and harm your relationships.

A father took his son to the circus. Before the show started, ①he took his son to see the animals in their respective cages—all except for the elephant that was tied with a rope. Holding his father’s hand, the little boy turned to ②him and said, “Dad, this elephant is so big and strong. He can kick the rope and run away. Why doesn’t he?” No matter how hard ③he tried to think of an intelligent answer, the father didn’t have a good one to give his son. So, ④he suggested to his son that he go ask the question to the elephant trainer. When the boy saw the trainer passing by, ⑤he asked why the beast didn’t try to escape. The trainer said, “When this elephant was a baby, we tied the same rope to his foot and the tree. The elephant couldn’t break free, and over time, he simply accepted the rope as a way of life.”

What is the true nature of the brain? The brain is a slow-changing machine, and that’s a good thing. If your brain could completely change overnight, you would be unstable. Let’s just say that your norm is to wake up, read the paper with coffee and a bagel, walk your dog, and watch the news. This is your habitual routine. Then one night, you get a phone call at 3 a.m. and have to run outside in your underwear to check on your neighbors. What if your brain latched on to this new routine and you continued to run outside at 3 a.m. every night in your underwear? Nobody would want that, so it’s a good thing our brains require more repetition than that! Let’s accept and be thankful for the ________________ our slow-changing brains provide us.
*latch on to: ~을 자기 것으로 하다

Hearing is basically ____________________. Sound is simply vibrating air which the ear picks up and converts to electrical signals, which are then interpreted by the brain. The sense of hearing is not the only sense that can do this; touch can do this too. If you are standing by the road and a large truck goes by, do you hear or feel the vibration? The answer is both. With very low frequency vibration the ear starts becoming inefficient and the rest of the body’s sense of touch starts to take over. For some reason we tend to make a distinction between hearing a sound and feeling a vibration, but in reality they are the same thing. Deafness does not mean that you can’t hear, only that there is something wrong with the ears. Even someone who is totally deaf can still hear/feel sounds.

Veblen goods are named after Thorstein Veblen, a US economist who formulated the theory of “conspicuous consumption”. They are strange because demand for them increases as their price rises. According to Veblen, these goods must signal high status. A willingness to pay higher prices is due to a desire to advertise wealth rather than to acquire better quality. A true Veblen good, therefore, should not be noticeably higher quality than the lower-priced equivalents. If the price falls so much that ___________________________________, the rich will stop buying it. There is much evidence of this behavior in the markets for luxury cars, champagne, watches, and certain clothing labels. A reduction in prices might see a temporary increase in sales for the seller, but then sales will begin to fall.
*conspicuous: 과시적인

Although the property of brain plasticity is most obvious during development, the brain remains changeable throughout the life span. It is evident that we can learn and remember information long after maturation. Furthermore, although it is not as obvious, the adult brain retains its capacity to be influenced by “general” experience. ____(A)____, being exposed to fine wine or Pavarotti changes one’s later appreciation of wine and music, even if encountered in late adulthood. The adult brain is plastic in other ways, too. For instance, one of the characteristics of normal aging is that neurons die and are not replaced. This process begins in adolescence, yet most of us will not suffer any significant cognitive loss for decades because the brain compensates for the slow neuron loss by changing its structure. ____(B)____, although complete restoration of function is not possible, the brain has the capacity to change in response to injury in order to at least partly compensate for the damage.

Identity theft can take many forms in the digital world. That’s because many of the traditional clues about identity―someone’s physical appearance and presence―are replaced by machine-based checking of “credentials”. ①Someone is able to acquire your credentials―sign-on names, passwords, cards, tokens―and in so doing is able to convince an electronic system that they are you. ②This is an ingredient in large numbers of cyber-related fraud, and cyber-related fraud is by far the most common form of crime that hits individuals. ③Thanks to advances in cyber security systems, reports of this crime have lowered dramatically. ④For example, identity thieves can buy goods and services which you will never see but will pay for, intercept payments, and, more drastically, empty your bank account. ⑤Although the victims of identity theft are usually thought of as individuals, small and large businesses are often caught out as well.

A researcher in adult education at the University of Toronto, Allen Tough wrote a paper called “The Iceberg of Informal Adult Learning.” Tough formulated a reverse 20/80 rule for adult learning.[/bold]


(A) Tough researched the reasons why people chose to learn on their own rather than attend a class. “People seem to want to be in control,” he wrote. “They want to set their own pace and use their own style of learning; they want to keep it flexible.”

(B) Twenty percent of an adult learner’s efforts were formal, organized by an institution. Eighty percent was informal, organized by the learner. He used the metaphor of an iceberg to describe the large portion of learning, informal learning, that remains invisible.

(C) People also seem to consider informal learning experiential and social. Lifelong learning organized around one’s interests might be seen as a new form of recreation.

The online world is an artificial universe—entirely human-made and designed. The design of the underlying system shapes how we appear and what we see of other people.[/bold]


(A) They determine whether we see each other’s faces or instead know each other only by name. They can reveal the size and makeup of an audience, or provide the impression that one is writing intimately to only a few, even if millions are in fact reading.

(B) Architects, however, do not control how the residents of those buildings present themselves or see each other—but the designers of virtual spaces do, and they have far greater influence on the social experience of their users.

(C) It determines the structure of conversations and who has access to what information. Architects of physical cities determine the paths people will take and the sights they will see. They affect people’s mood by creating cathedrals that inspire awe and schools that encourage playfulness.

*cathedral: 대성당

But it was more than just a centre for physical improvement.

In 1996, as construction workers cleared a site in downtown Athens for the foundations of a new Museum of Modern Art, they found traces of a large structure sitting on the bedrock. (①) A building had occupied this same spot some two-and-a-half thousand years earlier, when it was part of a wooded sanctuary outside the original city walls, on the banks of the River Ilissos. (②) The excavation uncovered the remains of a gymnasium, a wrestling arena, changing rooms and baths. (③) This had been a place for athletics and exercise, where the young men of Athens had trained to become soldiers and citizens. (④) The archaeologists soon realised that they had found one of the most significant sites in all of western European intellectual culture, a site referred to continually by history’s greatest philosophers: the Lyceum of Aristotle. (⑤) It was the world’s first university.
*sanctuary: 신전

However, some say that a freer flow of capital has raised the risk of financial instability.[/bold]


The liberalization of capital markets, where funds for investment can be borrowed, has been an important contributor to the pace of globalization. Since the 1970s there has been a trend towards a freer flow of capital across borders. (①) Current economic theory suggests that this should aid development. (②) Developing countries have limited domestic savings with which to invest in growth, and liberalization allows them to tap into a global pool of funds. (③) A global capital market also allows investors greater scope to manage and spread their risks. (④) The East Asian crisis of the late 1990s came in the wake of this kind of liberalization. (⑤) Without a strong financial system and a sound regulatory environment, capital market globalization can sow the seeds of instability in economies rather than growth.

Power distance is the term used to refer to how widely an unequal distribution of power is accepted by the members of a culture. It relates to the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept their inequality in power and consider it the norm. In cultures with high acceptance of power distance (e.g., India, Brazil, Greece, Mexico, and the Philippines), people are not viewed as equals, and everyone has a clearly defined or allocated place in the social hierarchy. In cultures with low acceptance of power distance (e.g., Finland, Norway, New Zealand, and Israel), people believe inequality should be minimal, and a hierarchical division is viewed as one of convenience only. In these cultures, there is more fluidity within the social hierarchy, and it is relatively easy for individuals to move up the social hierarchy based on their individual efforts and achievements.

Unlike cultures with high acceptance of power distance, where members are more ____(A)____ to accept inequality, cultures with low acceptance of power distance allow more ____(B)____ within the social hierarchy.

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

In 2009, Emily Holmes asked a group of adults to watch a video featuring “eleven clips of traumatic content including graphic real scenes of human surgery and fatal road traffic accidents.” This was their trauma simulation, and the participants were indeed traumatized. Before watching the video, they reported feeling calm and relaxed; afterward they were disturbed and anxious. Holmes forced the adults to wait for thirty minutes. Then, half the participants played a block-matching puzzle video game for ten minutes, while the other half sat quietly.
The adults went home for a week, and recorded their thoughts in a daily diary. Once a day they recalled the scenes from the video that replayed in their minds. Those who had sat quietly after watching the video experienced an average of six flashbacks; those who had played the game experienced an average of fewer than three. The video game, with its colors and music and rotating blocks, prevented the initial traumatic memories from _______________. The game soaked up the mental attention that might have otherwise moved those horrific memories to long-term memory, and so they were stored imperfectly or not at all. At the end of the week, the adults returned to the lab, and those who had been lucky enough to play the game reported fewer psychiatric symptoms. The video game had functioned as a “cognitive vaccine,” the researchers explained.

글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점][/bold]

In 2009, Emily Holmes asked a group of adults to watch a video featuring “eleven clips of traumatic content including graphic real scenes of human surgery and fatal road traffic accidents.” This was their trauma simulation, and the participants were indeed traumatized. Before watching the video, they reported feeling calm and relaxed; afterward they were disturbed and anxious. Holmes forced the adults to wait for thirty minutes. Then, half the participants played a block-matching puzzle video game for ten minutes, while the other half sat quietly.
The adults went home for a week, and recorded their thoughts in a daily diary. Once a day they recalled the scenes from the video that replayed in their minds. Those who had sat quietly after watching the video experienced an average of six flashbacks; those who had played the game experienced an average of fewer than three. The video game, with its colors and music and rotating blocks, prevented the initial traumatic memories from _______________. The game soaked up the mental attention that might have otherwise moved those horrific memories to long-term memory, and so they were stored imperfectly or not at all. At the end of the week, the adults returned to the lab, and those who had been lucky enough to play the game reported fewer psychiatric symptoms. The video game had functioned as a “cognitive vaccine,” the researchers explained.

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?[/bold]

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?[/bold]

글의 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?[/bold]