v. (빛으로) 휩싸다
Visitors could see themselves bathed in a soft red light.
liberate
v. 해방시키다, 자유롭게 하다
The idea of liberating art museums had another breakthrough.
suspend
v. 매달다
I bought a new light that we can suspend from the ceiling.
boundary
n. 경계
Tiravanija’s installation has been challenging boundaries between art and life.
compare
v. 비교하다
Docents ask the children to compare different images.
installation
n. 설치 미술(품)
Eliasson’s installations frequently use basic materials.
contribution
n. 공헌, 참여
The art gallery is made up of more than
8,000 contributions of unique images.
down-to-earth
a. 실제적인
He has a down-to-earth approach to prove how art can help people get together.
massive
a. 거대한
Visitors of all ages lay on the floor in the museum’s massive Turbine Hall.
thrilling
a. 아주 즐거운
It was thrilling to be this casual in a gallery.
highlight
v. 강조하다
Their creative experiments highlight the need to communicate about works of art.
self-centered
a. 자기중심적인
Nowadays, people are becoming increasingly self-centered.
participate in
~에 참여하다
Over half the population of the country participate in sports.
ingredient
n. 재료
The important ingredient in forming this instant community is Tiravanija’s kitchen art.
post
v. (웹사이트에 정보·사진 등을) 올리다, 게시하다
Here are some of the answers posted on an art website.
communal
a. 공동의
Students learn, live and play together in a communal place.
assemble
v. 모으다; 모이다
They occasionally assembled themselves into
patterns of abstract symbols.
break away
(전통, 습관에서) 벗어나다, 탈피하다
With most couples, the man proposes to the woman, but she breaks away from the stereotype.
shift
v. 바꾸다, 옮기다
The visitors shifted from passive viewing to active participation.
bond
v. 유대감을 형성하다
Eliasson’s space encourages you to be part of a community bonded in emotions.
expand
v. 확장되다[시키다]
Tiravanija’s cooking-as-art installation has been expanding.
branch out to
~로 확장하다, ~로 뻗어 나가다
It was like a tree, branching out to different parts of the world.
regulation
n. 규정
The art museum had to break away from regulations.
solitary
a. 고독한
People usually remain solitary in a traditional gallery setting.
ridiculous
a. 웃기는, 터무니없는
It produced responses from the ridiculous to the tragic.
docent
n. 도슨트
Specially trained docents lead participants on small group tours.
impressive
a. 인상적인
His performance was impressive in the last concert.
limitation
n. 한계
They are no longer bound up in physical limitations.
scribble
v. 낙서하다
Don’t scribble the word idiot on your sister’s forehead.
come up with
~을 제시하다, 생각해내다
They could be more active by coming up with unique ideas.
entitle
v. ~에 제목을 붙이다
Tiravanija created an installation entitled Do We Dream Under the Same Sky.
humidifier
n. 가습기
An artificial mist pumped in from sixteen humidifiers gave the light the effect of a dark winter sun.
lecture
n. 강의, 강연
Some of the most familiar scenes at an art gallery are lectures by docents.
break free of
~에서 벗어나다
When art breaks free of the white walls of the traditional gallery, it is no longer boring.
eventually
ad. 결국
The project eventually became a virtual art gallery.
intimate
a. 개인적인, 사적인
They had unforgettable experiences sharing intimate moments from their lives.
radiate
v. 내뿜다, 발산하다
The light was radiating from a giant yellow disk
privilege
n. 특권
They had the privilege of witnessing a new
gallery.
prohibit
v. 금지하다
They are strict about rules of conduct by prohibiting in the gallery.
scale
n. 규모
When produced on a large scale, these materials can awaken a new sense of space.
variety
n. 다양함
The region is famous for the variety of its climates and landscapes.
tower over
~보다 훨씬 더 크다[좋다]; ~ 위로 높이 솟아 있다
We were able to take pictures with this tiny figure towering over us!
situate
v. (어느 장소에) 놓다, 설치하다
The lake was situated at 3,000 meters above sea level.
ensure
v. 보장하다
The forces must be balanced in order to ensure harmony between man and nature.
valley
n. 골짜기, 계곡
La Paz is located in the valleys of the Andes.
sacred
a. 신성한, 성스러운
We decided to visit Lake Titicaca, which is called "the Sacred Lake of the Incas."
region
n. 지역
Antonio suggested that we travel the Andean region.
distorted
a. 왜곡된
You can take photographs with a distorted perspective.
incessant
a. 끊임없는
Their love for peace and understanding could be sensed as an unspoken rule behind the incessant activities and noises in the city streets.
pack
v. 가득 채우다
The city’s population of more than two million people pack these outdoor markets every day.
friendship
n. 우정
It was a friendship made through letters between two youths who lived in different
countries.
refreshing
a. 원기를 북돋우는, 상쾌하게 하는
Antonio suggested that any water would have the same refreshing taste.
get to
~하게 되다, ~할 기회를 갖다
We were excited to get to spend some time together.
spectacular
a. 멋진
The spectacular view of the city literally
took my breath away.
descend
v. 내려오다, 내려가다
After descending to Isla del Sol, they founded the Inca Empire.
head out
~으로 향하다
We decided to spend a few days in the city before heading out to other sites.
second-hand
a. 중고의
People are looking for everything from fresh food to second-hand clothing.
remind
v. 상기시키다, 생각나게 하다
Illimani reminded us to be grateful for this magical experience.
go through
겪다, 경험하다
My friend told me how the country went through decades of economic struggle.
immediately
ad. 즉시
I immediately decided to go to Bolivia to look for and meet Antonio.
cling
v. 매달리다, 들러붙다
The city’s buildings appeared to cling to the sides of hills and canyons.
exchange
v. 주고받다, 교환하다
For almost two years, Antonio Garcia and I exchanged letters.
reside
v. 거주하다
Within them reside the forces of good and evil.
display
v. ~을 보여 주다
The city’s lower neighborhoods display the
beautiful houses of the rich.
spectacle
n. 인상적인 광경, 굉장한 구경거리
What made my trip to this market so memorable was not just the spectacle of
watching outdoor trading.
geography
n. 지리, 지형
I could see wider gaps reflected in the geography of La Paz.
spring
n. 샘, 수원(지)
The Inca Stairs were built by the Incas to
reach a spring.
take out
~을 꺼내다
Antonio took out his camera to take photographs.
sea level
n. 해수면, 평균 해면
The region is located more than 3,000 meters above sea level.
civilization
n. 문명(사회)
The place had a connection with ancient civilizations and myths.
mysterious
a. 기이한, 이해하기 힘든
The lake is one of these mysterious places.
surround
v. 둘러싸다, 에워싸다
La Paz once sat in a low region surrounded by mountains and peaks.
everlasting
a. 영원한, 변치 않는
The spring was thought to be a source of everlasting youth.
nurture
v. 보살피다, 양육하다
The Andean people respect one another and nurture their environment.
flat
n. 평지
The Salar de Uyuni is commonly known as the salt flats.
wonder
v. ~이 아닐까 생각하다
Some places makes you wonder if you have been somehow transported to a far-off planet.
gradually
ad. 점차
The letters between us gradually stopped.
envious
a. 부러워하는
He then asked American students to describe a time they felt envious.
path
n. (목표에 이르는) 길, (행동의) 방향
Feeling envious sometimes leads us down a path we wish we had not taken.
treat
v. (특정한 태도로) 대하다; 취급하다
We are treating them as if they belong to a different species.
idol
n. 우상
These ball players are idols to some of my friends.
attempt
v. 시도하다
Van de Ven attempted to find out whether
language users who only have a single word for envy experience different emotional responses.
awareness
n. 자각
The purpose of the conference is to raise the public’s awareness about drug misuse.
description
n. 묘사
He found out that their descriptions clearly
point to a line of division.
indicate
v. 나타내다, 보여 주다
The map indicates where the building is.
estimated
a. 추산되는
What really surprised the researcher was the difference in the number of estimated hours the students planned to study.
concept
n. 개념
The concept of marriage is different from generation to generation.
superb
a. 최고의, 훌륭한
Each of us was always envious of what kind of superb skills the other had.
compete
v. 경쟁하다
The right kind of envy can encourage people to compete and work hard.
positive
a. 긍정적인
For the other type, the situation was quite positive, which is identical to what benign envy refers to.
envy
n. 질투, 부러움 Envy is more complex than you think.
malicious
a. 악의적인, 악의 있는
Those are proved to be malicious rumors.
refined
a. 고상한
We feel good about ourselves for having such a refined sensibility.
Dutch
a. 네덜란드의, 네덜란드인[어]의
He worked with Dutch students, who have two words for envy.
species
n. 종
Cats and dogs belong to different species.
admiration
n. 예찬; 존경 Admiration inspires us, while envy
pulls us down.
cover-up
n. 은폐
The study suggests that admiration can be a
psychological cover-up for lack of self-motivation.
deny
v. 부인하다
No one would deny that feeling envy is unpleasant.
push
v. ~하도록 강하게 설득하다, 독려하다
When we envy someone, we picture ourselves in their place; it hurts us, but it also pushes us.
inspiration
n. 감화, 고무
Your story is a great inspiration for me.
about
ad. 약, 대략
They also described both types of emotional experiences at about equal rates.
participant
n. 참가자
The participants were then asked to read one of the following two biographies.
frustrating
a. 좌절감을 주는
One type of envy felt much more frustrating,
which clearly indicates the meaning of malicious envy.
fare
v. (특정한 상황·일이) ~하게 되어가다
In that regard envy may fare even better than admiration.
prove
v. 증명하다
This proves that even those who have only one word for envy can feel that there is something more than a negative meaning behind the word.
vividly
ad. 생생하게
The world still vividly remembers two Asian figure-skating world champions.
spur
v. 자극하다
This movie will spur more customers to buy the car.
come down to
(한 마디로) 요약되다
While the second suggested that success comes down to luck.
intense
a. 강렬한
The two skaters's intense competition was spurred on by their rivalry.
in opposition to
~에 반대하여
Envy is more than a negative feeling standing in opposition to admiration.
bother
v. 신경 쓰다, 애를 쓰다
Why bother wasting energy if success is not an option?
serve
v. 도움이 되다, 기여하다
The right kind of envy can serve an
important personal and social function.
elevated
a. 고상한, 기품 있는
We sense that our feelings are elevated in appreciating what is great in others.
shame
n. 수치심
Envy is thought to be bad, a feeling of shame.
insightful
a. 통찰력 있는
In another insightful experiment, Van de Ven proved that the difference is determined by whether there is room for self-motivation.
mutual
a. 상호 간의
They would not have been able to grow as much as they did, had it not been for their mutual envy and rivalry.
the former
n. 전자
We all think that admiration is better than envy, since the former feels good and the latter painful.
solidarity
n. 연대, 결속
The purpose of the meeting is to show solidarity with team members.
establish
v. 설정하다; 설립하다
The historic agreement established a target of keeping the rise in temperature at no higher than 2°C above preindustrial levels worldwide.
modest
a. (크기·가격·중요성 등이) 그다지 대단하지는 않은, 보통의
The melting of glaciers is causing a modest amount of sea level rise.
remain
v. 계속[여전히] ~이다
Another serious issue remains buried underground.
enter into force
(법·규칙 등이) 발효되다, 시행되다
The new traffic law will enter into force next month.
ratify
v. 비준하다
The Senate will ratify the treaty this week.
layer
n. 층
Permafrost, the icy frozen layer of plants and grass, has kept billions of tons of carbon trapped.
migration
n. (대규모) 이주, 이동
The global warming causes many human problems, such as hunger, disease, mass migration, and war.
absorb
v. 흡수하다
The dark ocean surface absorbs more light and heat.
explosive
a. 폭발적으로 증가하는
The spread of the infection was blamed on an explosive growth of the mosquito population.
tackle
v. (힘든 문제·상황과) 씨름하다
World leaders reached a climate-change agreement to tackle the environmental problems.
combat
v. (방지하기 위해) 싸우다
Doctors do their best to combat disease.
identify
v. 찾다, 발견하다
Scientists have identified some of the most urgent problems of climate disaster.
originate
v. 비롯되다, 유래하다
In 1999, the West Nile virus was originated in Uganda.
acidify
v. 산성화되다; 산성화하다
Oceans absorb about a quarter of the carbon dioxide, which acidifies marine habitats.
prey
n. 먹이; 사냥감
The altered chemistry of the sea makes it difficult for them to find prey and to survive.
threatened
a. 멸종위기에 처한
The global warming is not just about melting ice, threatened animal species, and plant growth.
negotiation
n. 협상 Negotiations between the two countries led to a peace treaty.
extensively
ad. 널리, 광범위하게
The West Nile virus had more victims than
ever because it was able to spread extensively throughout the world.
underlying
a. 밑에 있는
When that permafrost melts, the underlying plants decompose.
household
n. 가정
The simple steps you take in your household will make a difference.
reflect
v. (빛·열·음을) 반사하다
As Arctic sea ice melts in summer, its blinding whiteness is no longer there to reflect the sun’s rays.
alter
v. 변하다; 바꾸다
The altered chemistry of the sea influences how ocean animals see, hear, and smell.
collapse
n. 붕괴
The bridge collapsed because of heavy traffic.
arise
v. 생기다, 발생하다
Several good ideas arose during the dinner.
immediate
a. (아주) 가까이에 있는
The big risks and overall effects of
global warming are far more immediate.
devastating
a. 대단히 파괴적인
The big risks and overall effects of global warming are far more devastating than scientists once thought.
supply
v. 공급하다
The bank supplied the necessary money to the complany.
exclude
v. 제외하다
we are united by the global crisis that does not exclude any nation or region.
shrink
v. (규모·양이) 줄어들다
Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier has shrunk in recent decades.
vanish
v. 사라지다
The shadow of a man appeared and suddenly vanished.
significantly
ad. 상당히
In the Bering Sea, the population of pollock is shrinking significantly.
multiply
v. 크게 증가시키다
The actions will be multiplied by millions of people all over the world.
extinction
n. 멸종, 소멸
Some observers already fear oceanic changes are pushing sea life toward mass extinction.
transmission
n. 전염, 전파; 전달
The rise in temperature lengthens the transmission season.
nutritious
a. 영양분이 많은, 영양가가 높은
The less-nutritious plankton does not make young fish healthy enough to survive cold winters.
suspect
v. 생각하다, 추측하다
Some suspect that 70 percent of the Arctic’s permafrost could vanish.
inevitable
a. 불가피한, 필연적인
The conflict between two teams is seemingly inevitable.
turnaround
n. 호전; 전환
The sense of global solidarity can bring about a dramatic turnaround.
outbreak
n. (전쟁·사고·질병 등의) 발생
There was an outbreak of flu last month.
practice
v. 사용하다; 실행하다
Here are some of Ogilvy’s most important rules for advertising and marketing that are still widely practiced today.
approach
n. 접근 방법
His approach is considered to be practical.
exclusively
ad. 오로지; 배타적으로
His lessons and ideas are not limited exclusively to the world of advertising.
claim
n. 주장
The advertisers claim that their product cleans better than similar products.
enduring
a. 지속되는, 오래가는
The secret of the book’s enduring fame is that Ogilvy’s lessons and strategies for marketing are timeless.
discipline
n. 자기 훈련
His management principles stemmed from his experience as a chef: hard work, discipline, and excellence.
flaw
n. 결점, 흠
People would celebrate their flaws, such as wrinkles, gray hair.
remarkably
ad. 몹시, 현저하게
The message from the advertisement is remarkably clear.
surgery
n. 수술
He had surgery for the torn muscle in his shoulder last week.
unconventional
a. 관습에 얽매이지 않는; 독특한
She was unconventional as a teacher, so many others were opposed to her opinion.
agency
n. 대행사
In 1948, at the age of 37, Ogilvy opened an advertising agency.
bold
a. 대담한, 용감한
A bold man jumped into the river to save a child.
trustworthy
a. 신뢰할 수 있는
It seems that advertisers ignore the fact that an advertisement must provide trustworthy information.
source
n. 원천
Poorly written instructions were the source of the confusion.
ordinary
a. 평범한
Today was an ordinary day. Nothing exciting happened.
competitor
n. 경쟁자
The soap company set against the unrealistic promises of improvement made by its competitors.
innovation
n. 혁신
His innovations came from his experiences in that field.
position
v. ~의 자리를 잡다
Ogilvy positioned a new product as a soap for people with dry.
manufacturer
n. 제조사, 제조업자
The company became the biggest smartphone manufacturer in the world.
publication
n. 출판
In the years since its first publication, his book has sold more than any other book on advertising.
doubtful
a. 의심스러운
People were doubtful of his chances of success.
transform
v. (완전히) 바꿔 놓다
Ogilvy transformed the marketing and advertising industry with new ideas.
clarity
n. 명확함, 명료성
The clarity of Mr. Kim's lessons makes learning easy.
influential
a. 영향력 있는
David Ogilvy is considered to have been the most influential man in the world of advertising.
unattainable
a. 도달 불가능한
People are supporting the fight against the unattainable stereotype by the media.
underestimate
v. 과소평가하다
Do not underestimate the consumer.
audience
n. 청중; 시청자
If you want to be successful in marketing,
you have to respect your audience.
cosmetic
a. 성형의
Many cosmetics are claimed to make wrinkles disappear.
brief
a. 간결한
Keep explanations as brief and clear as possible.
distract
v. 분산시키다
Do not let anything distract you from the sole purpose of the advertisement.
factor
n. 요소
Research is the identifying factors that predict why one advertisement might be more successful than another.
freckle
n. 주근깨
He got freckles all over his face in the summer.
reliable
a. 신뢰할 만한
Advertising has to convey clear and reliable information.
convince
v. 확신시키다
Ogilvy was convinced that his life of constant learning was all the training he needed.
remarkable
a. 두드러진
His life story of remarkable challenges and
achievements shows us his tireless effort.
steep
a. 가파른, 비탈진
The hill was steep, but the snow was soft.
erase
v. (완전히) 지우다, 없애다
These memories were those that the community had erased in order to build a society of people with no emotions.
exhausted
a. 지쳐버린, 기운이 빠진 Exhausted from hunger and cold, he struggled to get back on his bicycle.
starve
v. 굶주리다, 굶어 죽다
The most frightening of his new fears
was that they would starve.
pass
v. (시간·날 등이) 지나가다
The days passed, but Jonas had lost count.
device
n. 장치, 기구
The search planes used heat-seeking devices, which could locate two human bodies on the ground.
destination
n. 목적지
They sped in a straight line that seemed to lead to the final destination.
desperate
a. 절망적인 Desperate fears began to build in his mind.
settle
v. (편하게) 앉히다
He settled himself on the sled and hugged Gabe close.
devise
v. 고안하다, 만들어내다
Jonas devised a plan to escape to Elsewhere.
eliminate
v. 제거하다
Many cleaning products claim to eliminate germs.
kneel
v. 무릎을 꿇다
Jonas knelt by a stream and tried to catch a fish with his hands.
transmit
v. 전하다
He had transmitted to him one of the most
soothing memories he had.
habitation
n. 거주
As he pedaled through isolated landscapes with almost no sign of human habitation.
renew
v. 새롭게 하다 Renewed with hope, his freezing body grew strong again.
ease
v. 편해지다
As the memory passed to the new child, he could feel Gabe’s sleep ease and deepen.
twinkle
v. 반짝거리다
The lights were the red, blue, and yellow lights that twinkled from trees.
restore
v. 회복하다, 회복시키다
Jonas concluded that the community should have its memories and feelings restored.
diminish
v. 줄어들다, 약해지다
He had forgotten the fear of the searchers, who seemed to have diminished into the past.
conflict
n. 갈등, 충돌
There has always been conflict between the two countries.
sink
v. 줄어들다, 약해지다
But his hope to reach it was sinking fast.
escape
v. 달아나다, 탈출하다
He knew that people would soon find out that he had escaped.
instinctively
ad. 본능적으로
He grabbed instinctively for Gabriel.
enforce
v. 강요하다
The community achieved the ideal level of social harmony by enforcing “Sameness.”
turn
v. (어떤 나이·시기가) 되다
When Jonas turned twelve, he was chosen to receive memories from the Giver.
lethal
a. 치명적인
The Giver had explained how the community “released” with a lethal injection anyone who broke the rules of sameness.
shiver
v. (몸을) 떨다
He forced the memory of warmth into the thin, shivering body in his arms.
hunch
v. (등을) 구부리다
When the sky became dark, he left the house, hunched over the handlebars of his bicycle,
bounce
v. 위아래로 흔들리다
He could feel a little head touching his back, bouncing gently as he rode.
twisted
a. 삔, 접질린
The child was uninjured, but Jonas’s ankle was twisted.
matter
n. 문제
Decisions in all matters of importance were all made by the Elders.
certainty
n. 확실성
Suddenly he was aware with certainty that below, ahead, they were waiting for him and Gabriel.
toddler
n. 걸음마를 시작한 유아
The toddler had been behaving badly and refused to go to sleep at night.
suffering
n. 고통
As a result, people lived without worrying or suffering.
fashion
v. (손으로) 만들다, 빚다
He fashioned a makeshift net, looping the strands of Gabriel’s blanket around a curved stick.
starvation
n. 기아, 굶주림
He was also given memories that were painful, such as memories of war and starvation.
cultivate
v. (땅을) 경작하다, 일구다
Now that they had left the cultivated fields behind them, it was almost impossible to find food.
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