n. 심리학자
To test this phenomenon, a psychologist performed an experiment and came to the same conclusion.
award
v. 수여하다
The students took the tests and were all awarded the promised money.
impression
n. 인상
Have you ever changed your impression of someone?
opponent
n. 적수, (경쟁에서) 상대
Once, when Franklin was serving as a representative for the people of the state of Pennsylvania, a powerful opponent made a long speech criticizing him.
refer to ... as ~
…을 ~이라고 부르다
It is because of what psychologists refer to as “cognitive dissonance.”
ignore
v. 무시하다
Should you ignore them, be extra nice to them, or stand up to them?
deal with
~을 다루다[처리하다, 대하다]
Benjamin Franklin was a very smart man, not just in politics and science, but also in his ability to deal with people.
run out of
~을 다 쓰다, ~을 다 써서 떨어지다
He explained that the study was in danger of running out of funds.
remain
v. 남다, 계속 ~이다
They eventually became friends and remained so for the rest of their lives.
criticize
v. 비판하다, 비난하다
Once, when Franklin was serving as a representative for the people of the state of Pennsylvania, a powerful opponent made a long speech criticizing him.
serve
v. 일하다, 근무하다
Once, when Franklin was serving as a representative for the people of the state of Pennsylvania, a powerful opponent made a long speech criticizing him.
cognitive
a. 인지[인식]의
It is because of what psychologists
refer to as “cognitive dissonance.”
justify
v. 정당화하다
He justified doing the favor by telling himself that Franklin was not a bad person after all and convinced himself that he actually liked Franklin.
phenomenon
n. 현상
Today this phenomenon is known as the Benjamin Franklin effect.
relieve
v. 완화하다
If there is a conflict between our thoughts and our actions, we will change one or the other to relieve the conflict.
resolve
v. 해결하다
Feeling anxious and unhappy, he had to find a
way to resolve his feelings.
be divided into
~로 나뉘다
They were divided into three groups.
institution
n. 기관, 단체
Group 2 was asked by a secretary to return some of the money to the institution because the budget was running low.
effective
a. 효과적인
If you want to try to create a connection with someone who does not like you, asking that person to do you a favor is more effective.
commonly
ad. 보통, 일반적으로
It is commonly thought that if you want people who do not like you to like you, you should do favors for them.
after all
결국
He justified doing the favor by telling himself that Franklin was not a bad person after all and convinced himself that he actually liked Franklin.
come up with
~을 떠올리다[생각해내다]
Benjamin Franklin, the American politician and inventor, came up with an answer more than 200 years ago.
politician
n. 정치가
Benjamin Franklin was the American politician and inventor.
fund
n. 기금, 자금
The construction has taken so long because of the lack of funds.
experiment
n. 실험
To test this phenomenon, a psychologist performed an experiment and came to the same conclusion.
have difficulty -ing
~하는 것에 어려움을 겪다
Maybe it was someone you had difficulty working with or it could have been someone you were always arguing with.
budget
n. 예산
Group 2 was asked by a secretary to return some of the money to the institution because the budget was running low.
get along with
~와 잘 지내다
Have you ever known someone you just did not get along with?
convince
v. 납득시키다
He justified doing the favor by telling himself that Franklin was not a bad person after all and convinced himself that he actually liked Franklin.
eventually
ad. 결국
They eventually became friends and remained so for the rest of their lives.
representative
n. 대표자, (미국) 하원의원
Once, when Franklin was serving as a representative for the people of the state of Pennsylvania, a powerful opponent made a long speech criticizing him.
stand up to
~에 맞서다
Should you ignore them, be extra nice to them, or stand up to them?
autobiography
n. 자서전
In his autobiography, Franklin explained what happened.
rate
v. 평가하다
Afterward, all three groups were asked to rate how much they liked the researcher.
threaten
v. 위협하다
This speech was so powerful that it threatened Franklin’s political career.
conflict
n. 갈등
There are times when people have conflict with each other on social issues.
hardly
ad. 거의 ∙∙∙아니다[없다]
Surprisingly, hardly any cases of late or mistaken delivery are ever reported.
efficient
a. 효율적인
The dabbawala organization is an outstanding example of an efficient distribution system.
destination
n. 목적지
Most dabbas, or lunches, reach their destination after passing through several pairs of hands.
conduct
v. (특정한 활동을) 하다
Dabbawalas conduct about 400,000 transactions daily.
accuracy
n. 정확성
The dabbawalas are proud of their 99 99 percent accuracy rate, which means just one mistake in every six million deliveries.
dietary
a. 식단의
They often have dietary restrictions, depending upon their religion.
assign
v. 할당하다, 부여하다
After collecting all of the dabbas assigned to him, he takes them to the nearest train station.
present
a. 현재의
When demand for the service expanded, a businessman started the lunch-delivery service in its present format.
demonstrate
v. 입증하다
Dabbawalas demonstrate that with no form of technology, some of the old ways may still be the best ways.
practice
n. 관습, 관행, 실행
The practice of eating a home-cooked meal for lunch continues.
coding
n. 부호화, 암호화
The secret to this error-free system is in a coding system.
rely on
∙∙∙에 의지[의존]하다
In Mumbai, many people who work in offices far from home rely on an express food delivery service run by dabbawalas.
as a result of
∙∙∙의 결과로서
In India, many traditions are today being challenged as a result of globalization.
corporation
n. (큰 규모의) 기업[회사]
It is not surprising that business schools and large corporations around the world learn from the dabbawala system.
typical
a. 전형적인, 대표적인
A typical scenario would have one person on a bicycle pick up a dabba by 9:00 a.m. from about thirty different addresses.
restriction
n. 제한, 규제
They often have dietary restrictions, depending upon their religion.
procedure
n. 절차, 방법
The empty dabbas are picked up and are returned to their original addresses, following the same procedure in reverse.
expand
v. 확대되다
When demand for the service expanded, a businessman started the lunch-delivery service in its present format.
packed
a. 만원의, (사람들로) 꽉 들어찬
They have to leave for the office early in the morning, riding on a packed train.
considering
∙∙∙을 고려할 때
It is an amazing record, considering that most of the dabbawalas are illiterate.
organization
n. 조직
The dabbawala organization is an outstanding example of an efficient distribution system.
in reverse
반대로
The empty dabbas are picked up and are returned to their original addresses, following the same procedure in reverse.
depending upon
∙∙∙에 따라
They often have dietary restrictions, depending upon their religion.
hire
v. 고용하다
The dabbawala service began around 1890, when a banker hired a young man to deliver a lunch box from his home to his Mumbai office.
middle-class
중산층(의)
Those who use the dabbawala service are mostly middle-class office workers who live in one of Mumbai’s suburbs.
pick up
수거하다
A typical scenario would have one person on a bicycle pick up a dabba by 9:01 a.m. from about thirty different addresses.
strife
n. 갈등, 불화, 다툼
Dabbawalas even deliver in the pouring rain and during political strife.
suburb
n. 교외
Those who use the dabbawala service are mostly middle-class office workers who live in one of Mumbai’s suburbs.
specific
a. 특정한
These codes tell the dabbawala where the food comes from and which railway stations it must pass through on its way to a specific office in Mumbai.
religion
n. 종교
They often have dietary restrictions, depending upon their religion.
outstanding
a. 뛰어난
The dabbawala organization is an outstanding example of an efficient distribution system.
transaction
n. 거래, 매매
Dabbawalas conduct about 400,000 transactions daily.
operating cost
n. 운영비
The dabbawala organization is simple, relies on teamwork, has a low operating cost, and delivers almost 100 percent customer satisfaction.
distribute
v. 분배하다, 나누어주다
Finally, a fourth person picks up the boxes at the receiving station and distributes them, again by bicycle, to each customerʼs office, all by 12:30 p.m.
delivery
n. 배달
In Mumbai, many people who work in offices far from home rely on an express food delivery service run by dabbawalas
benefit
n. 혜택, 이점
Today, most people cannot imagine an efficient delivery system operating without the benefit of technology.
globalization
n. 세계화
In India, many traditions are today being challenged as a result of globalization.
approximately
ad. 대략
Today approximately 5,000 dabbawalas cover 70 square kilometers in and around Mumbai.
load
v. 싣다
Another person loads each dabba onto the right train, sending them off in different directions.
direction
n. 방향
Another person loads each dabba onto the right train, sending them off in different directions.
challenge
v. 도전하다, 이의를 제기하다
In India, many traditions are today being challenged as a result of globalization.
illiterate
a. 글을 읽고 쓸 줄 모르는
It is an amazing record, considering that most of the dabbawalas are illiterate.
satisfaction
n. 만족(도)
The dabbawala organization is simple, relies on teamwork, has a low operating cost, and delivers almost 100 percent customer satisfaction.
distribution
n. 유통, 분배, 배분
The dabbawala organization is an outstanding example of an efficient distribution system.
bold
a. 대담한; (색이) 선명한
Gaudi’s work is also known for its use of bold colors.
remind A of B
A에게 B를 생각나게 하다
Indeed, the design of the green and blue tiles on the wall reminds people of the sea, while the curved window frames were inspired by ocean waves.
column
n. 기둥
The “skulls” are in fact balconies and the “bones” are supporting stone columns between the windows.
catch one's eye
눈(길)을 사로잡다
When you step inside the church, the large columns supporting the ceiling immediately catch your eye.
skylight
n. 채광창
Between the columns are skylights to let natural light in.
incredible
a. 믿을 수 없는, 놀라운
Despite its incomplete state, Sagrada Familia’s incredible design draws an estimated 2.7 million tourists every year.
ceiling
n. 천장
Everything is curved, including the walls, the ceilings, and the wooden doors.
state
n. 상태
Despite its incomplete state, Sagrada Familia’s incredible design draws an estimated 2.6 million tourists every year.
fascinate
v. 매혹[매료]시키다
As a child, Gaudi was fascinated by the natural wonders of the surrounding countryside.
anniversary
n. 기념일
It is expected that the church will be completed in 2026, on the 100th anniversary of Gaudi’s death.
structure
n. 구조물
Parc Güell contains amazing stone structures, gorgeous tiles, and beautiful buildings.
extraordinary
a. 비범한, 보기 드문
These extraordinary works show how important Gaudi was to the development of modern architecture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
original
a. 원래의
Built in 1877, the original building was very different from what it is today.
fountain
n. 분수
Parc Güell is home to a famous dragon fountain, covered with beautiful colored tiles.
filter
v. 여과하다
The colorful stained glass windows filter the sunlight and project red, blue, and green light all over the interior space.
purchase
v. 구매하다
When it was purchased by Joseph Batllo, he asked Gaudi to add his impressive touch to the design.
decorate
v. 장식하다
Gaudi decorated many of his buildings with colorful tiles.
industrialize
v. 산업화하다
Most industrialized countries have produced a number of good architects.
embarrassment
n. 당황, 당혹감
One country that can make that claim without embarrassment is Spain.
incomplete
a. 불완전한
Despite its incomplete state, Sagrada Familia’s incredible design draws an estimated 2.5 million tourists every year.
construction
n. 건설, 건축(물)
Most of Gaudi's constructions use curved stones and animal- or plant-shaped designs.
renovate
v. 개조하다, 보수하다
Casa Batllo is a house renovated by Gaudi between 1904 and 1906.
architect
n. 건축가
Most industrialized countries have produced a number of good architects.
imaginative
a. 상상의, 상상력이 풍부한
Even today his imaginative, creative, unique architecture characterizes the city of Barcelona.
take an interest in
∙∙∙에게 관심을 갖다
Gaudi took an interest in architecture at a young age and studied architecture in Barcelona.
summit
n. 정상, 산꼭대기, 정점
At the summit of the Spain’s architectural genius, stands Antoni Gaudi.
unique
a. 독특한, 특이한, 유일무이한
Even today his imaginative, creative, unique architecture characterizes the city of Barcelona.
heritage
n. (나라∙기업) 유산
All are recognized as important works of architecture, and seven have been named UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
skull
n. 해골
From the outside, Casa Batllo looks as if it was made from skulls and bones.
characterize
v. ∙∙∙의 특징이 되다
Even today his imaginative, creative, unique architecture characterizes the city of Barcelona.
complete
v. 완성[완료]하다
Gaudi completed Parc Güell in 1914.
inspire
v. 영감을 주다
Indeed, the design of the green and blue tiles on the wall reminds people of the sea, while the curved window frames were inspired by ocean waves.
claim
v. 주장하다
Few countries can claim to have produced a great architect.
transform
v. 변형[변모]시키다, 탈바꿈하다
The tree-like columns and the different light at different times of the day transform the inside of the church into a stone forest.
architecture
n. 건축(물); 건축 양식
Gaudi took an interest in architecture at a young age and studied architecture in Barcelona.
admire
v. 감탄하다, 높이 평가하다
Parc Güell was built for Eusebi Güell, a rich businessman who admired Gaudi’s style.
release
v. 방출하다, 해방하다
The resulting nuclear disaster released large amounts
of radioactive material into the surrounding area.
terrain
n. 지형
They practiced outdoors, in good weather and bad, and on
rough terrain.
block
v. 막다
That way, the robot’s knees did not block the camera’s view of either the feet or the floor.
reflect
v. 반영하다
As the series of eight tasks became progressively more
difficult, HUBO’s performance on the tasks reflected the
growing difficulty.
rough
a. 거친
They practiced outdoors, in good weather and bad, and on rough terrain.
speed up
가속하다
In response to Japan’s nuclear disaster, the 2015 DARPA
Robotics Challenge was created to speed up the development of robots.
progressively
ad. 점진적으로, 서서히
As the series of eight tasks became progressively more
difficult, HUBO’s performance on the tasks reflected the
growing difficulty.
barrier
n. 장벽
It was able to drive a vehicle fast and when it encountered a barrier, it was able to turn the vehicle smoothly to avoid it.
renew
v. 재개하다, 갱신하다
Since then, there has been renewed emphasis on developing robots that can serve in dangerous situations.
competition
n. 대회, 경쟁
The competition attracted 25 teams from around the world.
awkward
a. 불편한, 어색한
This awkward move caused them to lose their balance.
nuclear
a. 핵의, 원자력의
The resulting nuclear disaster released large amounts
of radioactive material into the surrounding area.
decisively
ad. 결단성 있게, 단호히, 확실하게
When kneeling, HUBO was able to use these wheels to
move around quickly and decisively.
in response to
~에 대응하여 In response to Japan’s nuclear disaster, the 2015 DARPA
Robotics Challenge was created to speed up the development of robots.
improve
v. 개선하다
The KAIST team had already built four HUBOs and had been improving them for years.
scan
v. (자세히) 훑어보다
Other robots had difficulty doing this because they had to bend their bodies forward to see over their knees to scan the stairs.
up to
(능력 등이) ~에 미치는[부합하는]
The robots the Japanese were using were not up to the task.
vehicle
n. 차량, 운송 수단
The vehicle is designed to drive across rough terrain.
degree
n. (각도의 단위인) 도
HUBO climbed the stairs backward with its upper body rotated 180 degrees.
simultaneously
ad. 동시에
Generally speaking, it was difficult for a robot to hold a drill
in the right position and simultaneously press an on/off button.
complicated
a. 복잡한
They will be called upon to perform complicated tasks that will be too dangerous for humans.
outdoors
ad. 야외에서
They practiced outdoors, in good weather and bad, and on rough terrain.
trial
n. 시도, 시험
On the second trial, however, HUBO successfully completed
the task.
leak
v. (지붕, 파이프 등이) 새다
The tasks were opening a door, closing a leaking valve, climbing stairs, and so on.
set off
v. 출발하다
After scanning the stairs, the robot set off to climb to the top, completing the task effortlessly.
kneel
v. 무릎을 꿇다
The key to HUBO’s success was its ability to move from a standing position to a kneeling position.
bend
v. 구부리다, 숙이다
Other robots had difficulty doing this because they had to bend their bodies forward to see over their knees to scan the stairs.
accompany
v. 수반하다
In 2011, an earthquake and its accompanying tsunami destroyed Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant.
navigate
v. 길을 찾다, 항해하다
This small box on wheels could navigate, scan and move
objects.
disaster
n. 재난, 재앙
The resulting nuclear disaster released large amounts
of radioactive material into the surrounding area.
radioactive
a. 방사능의
The resulting nuclear disaster released large amounts
of radioactive material into the surrounding area.
handle
v. 다루다, 처리하다
Since it was impossible for humans to work in this environment, the Japanese government considered sending in robots to
handle the situation.
call upon
요청하다
They will be called upon to perform complicated tasks that will be too dangerous for humans.
government
n. 정부
Since it was impossible for humans to work in this environment, the Japanese government considered sending in robots to
handle the situation.
press
v. 누르다
Generally speaking, it was difficult for a robot to hold a drill
in the right position and simultaneously press an on/off button.
effortlessly
ad. 손쉽게, 어려움 없이
After scanning the stairs, the robot set off to climb to the top, completing the task effortlessly.
encounter
v. 마주치다, 맞닥뜨리다
It was able to drive a vehicle fast and when it encountered a barrier, it was able to turn the vehicle smoothly to avoid it.
tsunami
n. 쓰나미, 지진 해일
In 2011, an earthquake and its accompanying tsunami destroyed Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant.
rotate
v. 회전하다
Earth rotates around the sun.
extremely
ad. 몹시, 극단적으로
Eventually, humans had to do most of the extremely dangerous work.
attempt
n. 시도, 노력
On the fifth task, for which it had to use a drill to cut through a wall, HUBO failed on its first attempt.
attach
v. 붙이다
HUBO had wheels attached to its knees and feet.
emphasis
n. 강조
Since then, there has been renewed emphasis on developing robots that can serve in dangerous situations.
locate
v. 위치를 알아내다
It can locate the nearest food trash can.
revenge
n. 복수, 보복
Despite the fact that Tom has been convicted and is now dead, Bob Ewell feels that he has been insulted and tries to take his revenge.
be accused of
∙∙∙으로 고소당하다, ∙∙∙으로 비난 받다
Atticus agrees to defend an African-American man named Tom Robinson, who has been accused of attacking a young white woman, Mayella Ewell.
unjust
a. 부당한, 불의의
The various events that she experienced taught Scout how unjust and ugly the adult world was.
affection
n. 애정, 애착
Despite the children’s playful actions, Boo shows signs of affection for them.
sing one's heart out
가슴이 터지도록 노래 부르다, 열창하다
Mockingbirds only sing their hearts out for us.
haunted
a. 유령[귀신]이 나오는, (귀신 등이) 붙은
Scout, Jem, and their friend Dill are fascinated by the haunted house in their neighborhood.
jury
n. 배심, 배심원
Nevertheless, the all-white jury decides that Tom is guilty.
various
a. 다양한
The various events that she experienced taught Scout how unjust and ugly the adult world was.
guilty
a. 유죄의, 죄를 범한
Nevertheless, the all-white jury decides that Tom is guilty.
harmless
a. 무해한, 악의 없는
In To Kill a Mockingbird, there are characters like mockingbirds, who are innocent and harmless.
witness
v. 목격하다
Boo is known as a “Monster” for stabbing his father in his leg when he was a boy, but no one actually witnessed the accident.
heroine
n. 여주인공
In the early part of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the heroine and her brother are told by their father never to kill a mockingbird.
discrimination
n. 차별, 편견
To Kill a Mockingbird is the story of a young girl growing up in a southern town during the 1931s, when African-American people were facing severe discrimination.
puzzle
v. 당황[난처]하게 하다 Puzzled, the heroine asks Miss Maudie, her kind and clever neighbor, why she should not kill a mockingbird.
convict
v. 유죄를 선고하다, 유죄 판결을 내리다
Despite the fact that Tom has been convicted and is now dead, Bob Ewell feels that he has been insulted and tries to take his revenge.
racism
n. 인종차별(주의), 인종적 편견
Her criticism against racism and her wish for a more fair and understanding world are well expressed in this book.
wounded
a. 부상당한, 다친
Scout and the wounded Jem are brought back to their house by Boo.
generation
n. 세대, 시대
The same families have been doing the same things for generation after generation, and Atticus is a lawyer just like his father was.
defend
v. 변호하다, 방어하다
Atticus agrees to defend an African-American man named Tom Robinson, who has been accused of attacking a young white woman, Mayella Ewell.
bully
v. 약자를 괴롭히다
Jem and Scout are bullied by other children because of this.
charge
v. 기소하다, 고소하다
He does not charge anyone with murder.
innocent
a. 결백한, 무죄인
In To Kill a Mockingbird, there are characters like mockingbirds, who are innocent and harmless.
rescue
v. 구하다, 구조하다
A strange man comes to rescue them.
sheriff
n. 보안관, 치안 담당자
When the sheriff arrives, he discovers that Ewell was stabbed to death during the fight.
sympathy
n. 동정, 공감
The various events taught her the importance of sympathy, understanding, and a sense of justice.
nevertheless
ad. 그럼에도 불구하고 Nevertheless, the all-white jury decides that Tom is guilty.
evidence
n. 증서, 단서
Atticus provides clear evidence that Tom never attacked Mayella.
injustice
n. 불의, 부당, 불공평
Both Atticus and his children are shocked by the injustice of what has happened to Tom.
criticism
n. 비판, 비평
Her criticism against racism and her wish for a more fair and understanding world are well expressed in this book.
investigation
n. 조사, 수사
He knows that any further investigation will harm Boo.
justice
n. 정의, 공정
The various events taught her the importance of sympathy, understanding, and a sense of justice.
severe
a. 혹독한, 가혹한
To Kill a Mockingbird is the story of a young girl growing up in a southern town during the 1930s, when African-American people were facing severe discrimination.
judge
n. 판사, 법관
He threatens Tom’s wife, tries to break into the judge’s house, and finally attacks Jem and Scout as they walk home from a Halloween party.
perspective
n. 관점, 시각
Scout imagines seeing herself and her brother from Boo’s perspective and finally understands what her father meant when he told her to put herself in other people’s places.
in return
답례로, 대가로
When Boo disappears into the house, never to be seen again, Scout thinks about all the things he has done for her and Jem and regrets that they have never given him anything in return.
unfair
a. 불공평한, 부당한
The author Harper Lee shows how an unfair society harms innocent people and prevents others from helping them.
translate
v. 번역하다, 해석하다
This novel has been translated in 40 different
languages.
stab
v. 찌르다
Boo is known as a “Monster” for stabbing his father in his leg when he was a boy, but no one actually witnessed the accident.
porch
n. 현관
Standing on the porch of the Radley house, Scout sees the village as Boo has always seen it.
insult
v. 모욕하다, 욕보이다
Despite the fact that Tom has been convicted and is now dead, Bob Ewell feels that he has been insulted and tries to take his revenge.
sin
n. 죄, 죄악
“Shoot as many bluejays as you want, but remember that it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.”
murder
n. 살인, 살해
He does not charge anyone with murder.
attack
v. 공격하다, 폭행하다
Atticus agrees to defend an African-American man named Tom Robinson, who has been accused of attacking a young white woman, Mayella Ewell.
regret
v. 후회하다, 유감스럽게 생각하다
When Boo disappears into the house, never to be seen again, Scout thinks about all the things he has done for her and Jem and regrets that they have never given him anything in return.
act out
실연해 보이다, 연기하다
While children are acting out the story of Boo's life one day, Atticus stops them.
cruelly
ad. 참혹하게, 무참히
She grew up in Alabama and saw many African-American people treated cruelly and unfairly.
entirely
ad. 전적으로, 완전히
I’m going to give you an entirely honest
answer.
starve to death
굶어죽다
Children still starve to death.
nonsense
n. 터무니없는 생각[말]
I think that’s nonsense.
self-centered
a. 자기중심적인
Don’t be self-centered.
succeed in
~에 성공하다
Whenever I’m succeeding in one area of my life, I’m failing in another area.
come true
이루어지다, 실현되다
Don’t stop dreaming until your
dreams come true.
slavery
n. 노예, 노예제도 Slavery still exists.
countless
a. 무수한, 셀 수 없이 많은
There are countless people who are living much more difficult lives than we can ever imagine.
opportunity
n. 기회
Don’t sit at home waiting for
the magical opportunity.
scare
v. 겁주다, 놀라게 하다
I hope I didn’t scare you.
move forward
전진하다
You just have to keep moving forward.
gender
n. 성, 성별
Everyone should be treated equally regardless
of gender or race.
dreamer
n. 몽상가
Be a doer, not a dreamer.
ceremony
n. 의식, 식
Rhimes delivered the speech at the graduation ceremony for Dartmouth College in 2014.
miserable
a. 비참한
Don’t act like you’re the most miserable person in the world, because you are not.
violence
n. 폭행, 폭력
Crime and violence are part
of the everyday lives of these people.
inevitably
ad. 불가피하게, 필연적으로
If I’m succeeding at one, I’m inevitably failing at the other.
magical
a. 마력이 있는, 아주 멋진
Don’t sit at home waiting for
the magical opportunity.
achieve
v. 성취하다, 해내다
We all achieve one thing by failing to achieve something else.
regardless of
~에 상관없이
Everyone should be treated equally regardless of gender or race.
deliver
v. (연설·강연 등을) 하다
Rhimes delivered the speech at the graduation ceremony.
seize
v. 꽉 붙잡다
You just have to seize the next opportunity.
graduation
n. 졸업
Rhimes delivered the speech at the graduation eremony for Dartmouth College in 2014.
doer
n. 행동가, 실천가
Be a doer, not a dreamer.
pay for
대금을 지불하다, 빚을 갚다
It’s time to pay for the gift you have been
given by doing something for the world.
accept
v. 받아들이다 Accept that you cannot do everything.
cooperation
n. 협동, 협력 Cooperation is a process that started with the first single-celled creatures.
refuse
v. 거절하다
They do not answer the calls of birds that have refused to help
others before.
foster
v. 증진시키다, 촉진하다
To foster cooperative success among humans, we should perhaps look to nature for inspiration.
selfishness
n. 이기심
Successful play sometimes requires a degree of selfishness.
inspiration
n. 영감
To foster cooperative success among humans, we should perhaps look to nature for inspiration.
arrangement
n. 합의, 배열
This arrangement makes sense because it is more difficult for
inbound ants to change direction due to their heavy loads.
aid
n. 도움, 구조
It is important to note that flycatchers go to the aid of another bird in danger only if that bird has helped other birds in the past.
swallow
v. 삼키다
After the cleaners do their job, the clients let them go, instead of swallowing them.
plenty of
a. 많은
We human beings cooperate in plenty of ways, from lining up at a bus stop to sharing knowledge on a website.
cooperative
a. 협동하는, 협력적인
To foster cooperative success among humans, we should perhaps look to nature for inspiration.
prevail
v. 널리 퍼져 있다, 우세하다
Cooperation prevails at every level of the animal kingdom.
inspiring
a. 영감을 주는, 고무적인
It is inspiring to see how animals cooperate to help each other.
look to
...에게 의지하다
To foster cooperative success among humans, we should perhaps look to nature for inspiration.
be regarded as
~라고 간주되다
Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” is universally regarded as
a simple reality in the game of life.
take over
v. 차지하다
Living things, from their beginnings more than three billion years ago, took over the planet by learning to cooperate.
client
n. 고객
The cleaners get a meal, and the clients get a healthier mouth.
remind ... of
...에게 ~를 상기시키다
It may have reminded you of a highway packed with cars.
refer to
v. 언급하다, 표현하다
Tiny fish, which scientists refer to as “cleaners,” swim into the
mouths of bigger fish, which are referred to as “clients.”
fit
a. 적합한, 알맞은
Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” is universally regarded as
a simple reality in the game of life.
parasite
n. 기생 생물, 기생충
The cleaners eat parasites in the clients’ mouths.
establish
v. 확립하다, 세우다
Once the cleaners and the clients establish trust, the clients want to cooperate with the cleaners and keep them around.
frightened
a. 겁먹은
As more and more birds join the group, the predator becomes
frightened and runs away.
outbound
a. 밖 [외국] 으로 나가는 Outbound ants turn to get out of the way, while
inbound ants continue in a straight line.
due to
~ 때문에
This arrangement makes sense because it is more difficult for
inbound ants to change direction due to their heavy loads.
predator
n. 포식자
As more and more birds join the group, the predator becomes
frightened and runs away.
inbound
a. 들어오는, 귀항하는
When this happens, the inbound ants, the ones carrying
a burden, always have the right of way.
instead of
~ 대신에
After the cleaners do their job, the clients let them go, instead of swallowing them.
occupy
v. 점유하다
Ants never get into a traffic jam, no matter how fast they move
or how many of them occupy the road.
survival
n. 생존
Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” is universally regarded as
a simple reality in the game of life.
observe
v. 관찰하다
Have you ever observed ants marching in and out of their nest?
intake
n. 섭취
Try to limit your intake of sugary snacks.
extend
v. 늘리다, 연장하다
Acid delays the growth of bacteria, which extends the expiration date of a product.
exceed
v. 초과하다
If you drink one small can of soda, your daily sugar intake already exceeds the recommended amount.
boost
n. 증진
If you want something to add a boost of flavor, put a slice of lemon in the water.
lead to
~로 이어지다, ~을 초래하다
Over time, this can lead to obesity and other health problems, such as heart disease and diabetes.
interfere with
~을 방해하다
Acid interferes with the body’s ability to absorb calcium, and as a result, bone softening occurs.
unnecessary
a. 불필요한
Having extra sugar means adding unnecessary calories.
obesity
n. 비만
Having extra sugar can lead to obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.
consume
v. 소비하다, 섭취하다
Every year, Americans consume 170 liters of soda per person, and the British 100 liters.
bring about
~을 유발[초래]하다
Caffeine makes you feel more awake, but it may bring about an irregular heartbeat.
keep ~ from ...
~가 …하는 것을 막다
If you consume colas regularly, they can make you feel more nervous and keep you from sleeping well at night.
heartbeat
n. 심장박동
Caffeine makes you feel more awake, but it may bring about an irregular heartbeat.
quit
v. 끊다, 그만두다
If quitting sodas altogether sounds too difficult, cut down gradually.
nutrient
n. 영양소
The acid in sodas interacts with stomach acid, slowing digestion and blocking nutrient absorption.
gradually
ad. 점진적으로
If quitting sodas altogether sounds too difficult, cut down gradually.
extra
a. 추가의
Having extra sugar means adding unnecessary calories.
disorder
n. 장애
Artificial sweeteners cause headaches, emotional disorders, and sleeping problems.
substance
n. 물질
Acid is a chemical substance with a sour taste.
replace ~ with ...
…을 ~로 대체하다
Diet sodas replace the sugar with artificial sweeteners.
absorb
v. 흡수하다
Acid interferes with the body’s ability to absorb calcium, and as a result, bone softening occurs.
decay
v. 썩다
If you drink sodas regularly, your teeth decay more easily.
altogether
ad. 완전히
If quitting sodas altogether sounds too difficult, cut down gradually.
interact with
~와 상호 작용하다
The acid in sodas interacts with stomach acid, slowing digestion and blocking nutrient absorption.
thirst
n. 갈증, 목마름
Sweet drinks don’t relieve your thirst.
attract
v. 마음을 끌다
Soft drink companies attract consumers by adding bright colors and sweet flavors to their products.
refreshing
a. 상쾌한, 원기를 회복시키는
When you go to the movies or when you just want something refreshing to satisfy your thirst, a soda is often the first choice.
sour
a. 신
Acid is a chemical substance with a sour taste.
excessive
a. 지나친, 과도한
Studies have shown that excessive consumption of artificial colors can create problems such as kidney disease and ADHD.
diabetes
n. 당뇨병
Over time, this can lead to obesity and other health problems, such as heart disease and diabetes.
kidney
n. 신장
Studies have shown that excessive consumption of artificial colors can create problems such as kidney disease and ADHD.
generate
v. 생성하다, 유발하다
Artificial sweeteners are known to generate headaches, emotional disorders, and sleeping problems.
recommend
v. 추천하다, 권장하다
WHO, the World Health Organization, recommends that people consume less than 25 grams of sugar a day.
chemical
a. 화학적인
Acid is a chemical substance with a sour taste.
cut back
줄이다
Once you start cutting back on sodas, you are heading in the right direction.
acid
n. 산 Acid is a chemical substance with a sour taste.
delay
v. 미루다
Acid delays the growth of bacteria, which extends the expiration date of a product.
ingredient
n. 재료, 성분
Most people understand that sodas are not good for their health due to the ingredients.
digestion
n. 소화
The acid in sodas interacts with stomach acid, slowing digestion and blocking nutrient absorption.
expiration date
n. 유통기한, 만기일
Acid delays the growth of bacteria, which extends the expiration date of a product.
flavor
n. 맛, 풍미
When added to water, acid produces a sharp flavor.
artificial
a. 인공적인
Diet sodas replace the sugar with artificial sweeteners.
satisfy
v. 충족시키다, 만족시키다
When you go to the movies or when you just want something refreshing to satisfy your thirst, a soda is often the first choice.
irregular
a. 불규칙한
Caffeine makes you feel more awake, but it may bring about an irregular heartbeat.
habitat
n. 서식지
Deforestation destroys the habitats for
millions of species.
shade
n. 그늘
He was sure that the panels would work, even under the shade of the thick tree leaves.
buzz
n. 윙윙거림, 웅성거림
It is the buzz of a chainsaw.
be responsible for
~에 책임이 있다
Sugary drinks are responsible for the serious
health problems.
device
n. 장치
He has invented a simple device that detects illegal logging.
disappear
v. 사라지다
Every year some 13 million hectares of rainforest, an area about the size of England, disappears.
mine
v. 채굴하다
Destruction of the rainforest is caused by logging, farming, mining,
and other human activities.
species
n. 종 (種: 생물 분류의 기초 단위)
Deforestation destroys the habitats for millions of species.
rainforest
n. 열대 우림
Tropical rainforests are located near the
equator and have a warm and wet climate.
solution
n. 해결책
His solution was to put the phone in a plastic box.
surround
v. 둘러싸다
You are surrounded by tall trees.
biodiversity
n. 생물의 다양성
Deforestation has a major
effect on the jungle’s biodiversity.
detect
v. 감지하다
He has invented a simple device that detects illegal logging.
destruction
n. 파괴 Destruction of the rainforest is caused by logging, farming, mining,
and other human activities.
alert
n. 경보
An alert message was immediately sent to White and the forest rangers.
sensitive
a. 민감한, 예민한
He attached a sensitive microphone to the
cell phone so that it could detect chainsaw noise from up to three kilometers away.
belong
v. (~에) 속하다
And sometimes there is another sound, one that does not belong in the forest at all.
illegal
a. 불법의
Some 70 to 80 percent of the logging in the rainforests is thought to be illegal.
approach
v. 접근하다
When they approached the logging spot, the illegal loggers ran away.
install
v. 설치하다
Surprisingly, on only the second day after he installed the device, it picked up chainsaw noises.
discard
v. 버리다, 폐기하다
These devices are saving rainforests and providing new life for thousands of discarded cell phones.
electricity
n. 전기
Since there was no electricity where the phone needed to be placed, the device had to be able to power itself.
address
v. (문제를) 다루다
They formed a special team to address the issue.
come upon
우연히 마주치다
After walking only five minutes, his group came upon people who were cutting down trees illegally.
immediately
ad. 즉시
An alert message was immediately sent to White and the forest rangers.
spot
n. 곳, 장소
When they approached the logging spot, the illegal loggers ran away.
flee
v. 도망가다
The surprised loggers fled, but White was shocked.
fortune
n. 재산, 거금
If you want happiness for a year, inherit a fortune.
gratitude
n. 감사
Volunteering gave me deep gratitude for the comforts and opportunities I used to take for granted.
orphanage
n. 고아원
We spent several weeks volunteering at a community center and an orphanage.
be about to
막 ~하려 하다
I was about to board a plane, and I was scared.
sensation
n. 느낌, 감동
This feeling is similar to a “runner’s high,” a term created for that feel-good sensation that rushes through your body after a run.
overwhelmingly
ad. 압도적으로
The local people are welcoming, strong, and overwhelmingly
positive.
activate
v. 활성화하다
Researchers have found that the areas in our brains that
feel pleasure become activated when we give.
landscape
n. 풍경
I knew I wanted to continue exploring, trying new foods, and discovering unique landscapes.
stick with
기억에 남다
It was our volunteering time that stuck with me.
diversity
n. 다양성
Volunteering abroad taught me the beauty of diversity.
confident
a. 확신하는; 자신감 있는
Though I was happy to return home, I was confident it
would not be my last adventure.
literally
ad. 문자 그대로
When I returned home, I literally hugged my toilet, and
I cried during my first hot shower.
positivity
n. 긍정성
It was inspiring to witness their close family ties and endless positivity.
addict
n. 중독자
It made me a travel addict.
wealthy
a. 부유한
Helping others may just be the secret to living a life that is not only happier but also healthier, wealthier, and more meaningful.
grateful
a. 고마워하는
I do know I will be forever grateful I got on that plane.
donate
v. 기부하다
Besides doing good, donating our money or time actually makes us feel good.
rural
a. 시골의
Growing up in rural New York State, I had never before
experienced people so different from me.
inherit
v. 물려받다, 상속하다
If you want happiness for a year, inherit a fortune.
take ~ for granted
~을 당연하게 여기다
Volunteering gave me deep gratitude for the comforts and
opportunities I used to take for granted.
await
v. 기다리다
I was afraid of what awaited me at my destination.
board
v. 탑승하다
I was about to board a plane, and I was scared.
possession
n. 소유물, 소지품
It was eye-opening to see how few possessions they had, yet how much love and personal strength they had.
tap
n. 수도꼭지
I sometimes say a silent “Thank you” as I turn on the tap to get a drink of water.
principle
n. 원칙
It has now been 10 years since I traveled to Tanzania,
and these principles still guide me.
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