4000 Essential English Words 2e 6 (2nd Edition) 영영 Unit 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20

theme

n. the main subject of a book, movie, or painting
The students discussed the book’s theme in class.

graduate

v. to complete and pass all courses of study there
At the end of the spring, my friends and I will graduate from high school.

kin

n. a person's family and relatives
His kin were all farmers.

donor

n. somebody who gives something to an organization
He was proud to be a blood donor.

sever

v. to cut through it completely
He severed the string using scissors.

terminate

v. to stop or end it
The trip was terminated after the car broke down.

stimulus

n. something that causes growth or activity
Having a lot of money is a stimulus for people to buy more things.

chronic

adj. happens over and over again for a long time
He had chronic pain in his chest and needed to see a doctor.

implicate

v. to show that they have done a crime or something bad
The man was implicated in the theft at the store.

stab

v. to cut with the end of a sharp object like a knife
He stabbed the fork into the potato and passed it to his daughter.

tuition

n. the amount of money paid to go to a school
University tuitions have increased by 50 percent in the last five years.

graffiti

n. words or drawings in public places
The wall was covered with colorful graffiti.

shaft

n. a handle of a tool or weapon
The golf club had a long wooden shaft that he held in his hands.

suspicion

n. a feeling that something is possible or true in a crime
The police had a suspicion that the driver had stolen the purse.

discipline

n. training that helps people follow the rules
One of the teacher’s jobs is to teach her students discipline.

attorney

n. who gives others advice about the law
The attorney appeared in front of the judge for me.

fellow

n. someone who shares a job or quality with someone else
All of my fellow patients at the hospital have also complained about the food.

guardian

n. someone who protects somebody or something
The librarians are the guardians of the books.

gossip

n. information that might be untrue but is still discussed anyway
The friends exchanged gossip about the people they knew in school.

referee

n. a person who makes sure that the rules are followed in sports
The soccer player didn’t agree with the referee.

combat

n. fighting between two people or groups
The two warriors were locked in combat.

corps

n. a division of a military force
The army had a corps of archers who trained apart from the regular soldiers.

foe

n. an enemy or opponent.
It was hard to believe that anyone could be his foe.

reign

n. the period of time in which a ruler rules
The emperor’s reign lasted for only two years.

distract

v. to stop them from concentrating on something
The phone call distracted him so much that he forgot all about his homework.

auditorium

n. a large building used for public events
People have gathered at the school auditorium to watch the play.

aggressive

adj. constantly want to fight or argue
Nobody liked to play games with him because he was always too aggressive.

nick

v. to cut them slightly with a sharp object
While cutting the carrots, the cook nicked his finger with the edge of his knife.

arena

n. a building where people can watch sports and concerts
The new arena was all set to hold the championship match.

commonplace

adj. ordinary
There is nothing commonplace about the way Morris dresses.

hack

n. to cut it into uneven pieces
My uncle used the ax to hack the tree into many logs.

amnesty

n. a pardon given to prisoners of war
She was denied amnesty for her involvement in the war.

provoke

v. to annoy them on purpose to cause violence
The older boy provoked Paul by calling him mean names.

realm

n. any area of activity or interest
He was not very active in the realm of business.

captive

n. a prisoner
The guards told the captive that there was no way he could escape the prison.

rust

n. a red and brown coating on iron objects caused by water and air
The old metal gate would not swing because the hinges were covered in rust.

compound

n. an enclosed area such as a prison or factory
The workers waited outside the compound for the gates of the factory to open.

meditate

v. to focus or think deeply in silence
She liked to meditate for several hours each day.

dumb

adj. unable to speak
She did not share the secret. She remained as silent as if she were dumb.

sacred

adj. worshipped and respected
One religion in India will not harm cows because it believes that they are sacred.

aesthetic

adj. concerned with a love of beauty
The dresses were noteworthy for their aesthetic design.

stereotype

n. a general but often incorrect idea about a person or thing
There’s a stereotype that pigs are dirty animals. But they are rather clean.

creek

n. a stream or small river
Only small fish lived in the shallow waters of the creek.

executive

n. the top manager of a business
After twenty years at the company, he finally became the executive.

perceive

v. to be aware of it
He was talking loudly, so he did not perceive that the music had stopped.

trail

n. a path for travelling by foot through a wild area
A narrow trail cut through the field and over the hills.

drill

n. a tool with a point that spins in order to make a hole
The carpenter used the drill to make several holes in the wood.

termite

n. an insect that lives in groups and feeds on wood
The wood we found was full of termites.

primitive

adj. simple, basic, and not very developed
The computers of the 1980s are primitive compared to those of today.

incline

n. a sharp rise in something, especially a hill or mountain
This mountain has one of the steepest inclines in the world.

sticky

adj. covered with a substance that things stick to
Place the sticky part of the tape against the paper, so it will cling to the wall.

nasty

adj. not nice or pleasant
The rotten apple left a nasty taste inside her mouth.

thereby

adv. a result of something else
He didn’t score a goal, thereby ending his chance at setting a record.

twig

n. a short and thin branch from a tree or bush
They started the fire with a handful of dry twigs.

arrogant

adj. think that they are more important than others
He is very arrogant. Even though he’s not the boss, he tells everyone what to do.

fatigue

n. a feeling of extreme tiredness
After three days with little sleep, she was feeling a lot of fatigue.

primate

n. a type of mammal that includes monkeys, apes, and humans
Primates use their hands for such tasks as swinging from branches.

welfare

n. the health and happiness of a person or group
Having plenty of clean water is necessary for the welfare of people.

bias

n. a person's likelihood to like one thing more than another thing
The mothers had a natural bias for their own child’s picture.

canyon

n. a narrow valley with steep walls through which a river often flows
The canyon was so deep that the ground inside was covered in shadow.

orbit

v. to move around it in a continuous, curving path
The Moon orbits the Earth.

overview

n. a general description of a situation
My brother gave me an overview of the important parts of the book.

glacier

n. a slowly moving mass of ice
The huge glacier melted its way to the ocean.

globe

n. the Earth
Water covers most of the globe.

rite

n. a traditional ceremony carried out by a particular group or society
Special masks are worn during the rite when a new baby is born.

horizontal

adj. flat and level with the ground
The Russian flag has three horizontal stripes of white, blue, and red.

provide

v. to supply it
Each student was provided with a test and three sharp pencils.

flap

v. to move quickly up and down or from side to side
The tiny bird flapped its wings and ate from the flowers.

inventory

n. a supply of something
Gwen was checking the inventory to make sure we had what we needed.

supernatural

adj. not real or explainable by laws of nature
The dragon had supernatural powers, such as flying and breathing fire.

preview

n. an opportunity to see something before it is available to the public
The band played us a preview of their new song.

relevant

adj. important to a certain person or situation
The 30-year-old book about politics is still relevant to our society today.

oracle

n. a person who speaks with gods and gives advice about the future
The king went to the oracle to ask if going to war was a good idea.

recur

v. to happen more than once.
Burglaries seem to recur over and over in our neighborhood.

stall

v. to stop a process and continue it at a later time
If you give the car a push, it won’t stall.

behalf

n. done for that person by another
The original speaker was sick, so his son gave the speech on his behalf.

loaf

n. shaped and baked in one piece
Could you please buy a loaf of bread for sandwiches?

hum

v. to make a low, continuous noise
The man hummed his favorite song.

inward

adj. not expressed or shown to others
She had an inward feeling of guilt when she lied to her mother.

intrigue

n. to cause an interest in something or someone
Her mysterious past intrigued her new friend.

arbitrary

adj. not based on any plan or system, so it seems random
The classroom had many arbitrary rules that confused me.

improve

v. to make it better
He studied hard to improve his test scores from the previous year.

convention

n. behavior that is considered to be common or polite
In the US, a popular convention is to shake hands when you meet someone.

recipient

n. the person who receives it
I was the recipient of four phone calls today.

naughty

adj. bad, giving trouble
Rachelle is a naughty girl. She doesn’t listen to her parents.

misplace

v. to lose it
I misplaced my wallet, and I didn’t find it until a week later.

ultimate

adj. the final result or aim of a long series of events
By trying hard in school, I will reach my ultimate goal of becoming a doctor.

longevity

n. the ability to live for a long time
Sea turtles have an amazing longevity.

norm

n. a way of behaving that is considered normal in a particular society
Wearing a heavy coat all summer is not considered a norm.

reptile

n. a cold-blooded animal that lays eggs and has skin covered with scales
Lizards are my favorite type of reptile.

aquarium

n. a place where fish and underwater animals are kept
We took a trip to the aquarium and saw a scary shark.

autobiography

n. a true story of a person's life written
I read an autobiography about my favorite entertainer.

probe

n. to ask questions to discover facts about it
The bank probed into his financial history to see if he qualified for a loan.

insulate

v. to protect it from heat, cold, or noise
People can conserve energy by insulating their houses.

gracious

adj. kind and helpful to those who need it
The operator was gracious enough to help me find the number.

philanthropy

n. the act of helping others without wanting anything in return
The wealthy business owner is well known for his acts of philanthropy.

orangutan

n. a large ape with red and brown hair and long arms
Orangutans use their long arms to swing from trees.

overload

v. to put more things into it than it is meant to hold
If you overload the truck, it might crash.

thrive

v. to do well and be successful, healthy, or strong
He may be an old man, but he continues to thrive.

epic

n. a long book, poem, or movie about a period of time or a great event
The poet wrote an epic about the great discoveries of the past thousand years.

lyric

adj. expresses a lot of emotion
I enjoy reading and creating my own lyric poetry.

humiliate

v. to make them feel ashamed and embarrassed
I was humiliated when I tripped and fell down in front of the whole school.

punctual

adj. do something or arrive at the right time.
My mother hates being late. She is the most punctual person I know.

renown

n. the quality of being well known due to having done good things
Michael is a singer of great renown in New Zealand.

antique

adj. very old and rare, and therefore valuable
My grandmother’s antique rocking chair is worth a lot of money.

authentic

adj. not false or a copy of the original
We ate authentic Italian food on our vacation to Rome.

precede

v. to come before it
The hurricane was preceded by a moment of still wind and clear sky.

tusk

n. a long, curved, pointed tooth of an elephant, boar, or walrus
Sadly, some people hunt elephants and remove their tusks to sell them.

majesty

n. supreme greatness or authority
The majesty of the old castle amazed the tourists who came to see it.

artifact

n. an old object made by humans that is historically interesting
We studied artifacts from an ancient Chinese settlement.

applicant

n. someone who writes a request to be considered for a job or prize
Lots of applicants came into the store when the job position became available.

excerpt

n. a short piece of writing or music taken from a larger piece
I didn’t listen to the entire symphony online, but I did play an excerpt.

chronology

n. a series of past events is when they happened
We learned the chronology of World War II in history class.

diplomat

n. a representative of a country who works with another country
The Spanish diplomat discussed trade issues with officials in Peru.

recruit

v. select them to join or work.
We successfully recruited someone to be the new manager.

fossil

n. the hard remains of a prehistoric animal or plant
The expert arranged the fossils to build the skeleton of the dinosaur.

register

n. an official list or record of people or things
At a wedding, there is register for all of the guests to sign.

monarch

n. someone who rules a country through hereditary right
The monarch lived in a beautiful palace with a grand gate.

refund

n. money given back to a person when an item is returned to a store
I asked for a refund because the shoes I bought were too tight.

mold

n. a hollow container that is used to make certain shapes
Using a cupcake mold will ensure that they come out just right.

thigh

n. the upper half of your leg
He suffered from a serious thigh injury.

conceive

v. to be able to imagine or believe it
The child could not conceive the actual size of the Earth.

outright

adj. open and direct
Everyone knew that the boy’s story was an outright lie.

shovel

n. a tool with a long handle that is used for digging
The boy grabbed his shovel and got all of the snow off of the sidewalk.

periphery

n. the edge of it
A beautiful floral pattern is on the periphery of the stationery.

plaster

n. a smooth paste that gets hard when it dries
He used plaster to fill in the cracks in the old walls.

endeavor

n. an attempt to do something, especially something new, or original
The company’s new advertising endeavor ended in a horrible failure.

engrave

v. to cut a design, or words, into the surface of something
The couple engraved their names onto the old pine tree.

excavate

v. to dig on land and remove dirt to look for something
The team wishes to excavate the site in hope of finding fossils.

stumble

n. to move in an awkward, unplanned way
She stumbles a lot when she is drunk.

coexist

v. to exist with it in the same time and place
Our pets coexist in our home with few or no problems.

dubious

adj. not considered honest
The police thought that the man’s description of the crime was dubious.

vicious

adj. violent and cruel
The vicious dog tried to bite the small child.

jagged

adj. a tough, uneven shape or edge
The swimmer was hurt when he fell on the jagged rocks.

magnitude

n. large size
This was a discovery of great magnitude.

elastic

adj. a rubber that stretches when it is pulled
He attached the elastic bungee to his legs before he jumped off the platform.

ego

n. a person's sense of their own worth
Kelly’s ego made her think that she was some kind of a superhero.

locale

n. a small area or place where something specific happens
The spa was the perfect locale for my mother to relax and enjoy her vacation.

skeletal

adj. bones in the body
We studied the skeletal system in anatomy class.

descent

n. a movement downwards
During the space shuttle’s descent, the Earth appeared larger and larger.

particular

adj. a single, important part of a group of things
The dress shop didn’t have the particular dress she was looking for.

snore

v. to make a loud noise each time a sleeping person breathes
It was impossible to get to sleep because my husband snored.

chunk

n. a thick, solid piece of something
When they broke open the rock, they saw it was filled with chunks of gold.

glamorous

adj. one full of beauty and excitement
There is nothing glamorous about where we live. It is very ordinary.

din

n. loud, unpleasant, and extended noise
The din of the rusty machinery made the factory a horrible place to work.

intrinsic

adj. the basic nature of that thing
Paper money has no intrinsic value. It is useful simply because society says it is.

dissatisfy

v. to fail to please them
He was dissatisfied with his meal.

hence

adv. a result of something else
Mary forgot the key. Hence, we couldn’t open the door.

fuss

n. excited or annoyed behavior that is not useful in any way
The child made an awful fuss because she didn’t want to go to bed.

gourmet

adj. nicer and more expensive than regular food
In order to get a gourmet meal, you have to eat at an expensive restaurant.

ordeal

n. a bad experience
Driving in the snowstorm was an ordeal she’d never forget.

overwork

v. to make them tired with too much work
After working for three weeks with only one day of rest, Judy was overworked.

ministry

n. a government department
The Ministry of Trade is responsible for taxing imports and exports.

soundly

adv. done in the best or most complete way
The nearest opponent was ten meters behind. She won the race soundly.

attic

n. a room just below a house's roof
There were two windows in their attic.

kettle

n. a large metal pot used for boiling liquids or cooking food
The soup was being cooked in a large kettle.

civic

adj. a town or city, in particular to its government
Most of the important civic buildings are located downtown.

outspoken

adj. not afraid to say what they think
She was an outspoken critic about the new banking laws.

superintendent

n. a person who runs a certain department or building
The superintendent decided to close the schools because of the weather.

exclusive

adj. expensive and only for rich people
The golf course was so exclusive that most people hadn’t even heard of it.

freight

n. a set of items carried on a train, boat, or airplane
Trade ships only carried valuable freight like silk and spices.

insomnia

n. a condition in which a person has difficulty sleeping
Nate’s insomnia prevented him from getting enough rest.

warp

n. to become bent into the wrong shape
The woman put the clock above the fireplace, and the heat warped it.

intuitive

adj. knowing about something without having support or proof
Rhonda had an intuitive feeling that Shane wasn’t coming to school today.

obsess

v. to think about it all of the time
After watching the Star Wars movies, Ike obsessed about becoming a Jedi.

premium

n. a payment that is higher than average
Tony paid a premium for the gas because it made his car run better.

tram

n. a vehicle like a streetcar that runs on electricity above ground
I took the tram to Eighth Avenue.

etiquette

n. the group of rules about how to be polite
When in Asian countries, bowing is a form of etiquette.

garment

n. a piece of clothing
The businessman had all of his garments cleaned before the important meeting.

liable

adj. very likely that it will happen
During the summer months, hikers in the forest are liable to see deer and elk.

suppress

v. to prevent it from happening
She suppressed her urge to scream because she didn’t want to be noticed.

privilege

n. a special right given only to a certain person or group of people
Only the best employee had the privilege of parking in that spot.

deform

n. to change it from its correct or original shape
The computer program deformed the building’s picture into an unreal sight.

socialize

v. to have a good time with people
I like to socialize with my classmates after school.

unsettle

v. to make them anxious or worried
The dark clouds in the sky unsettled Beth.

propel

v. to push or move it somewhere
The strong wind propelled the leaf through the air and across the street.

congested

adj. full or blocked
Tom didn’t get home until after dark because the road was so congested.

courier

n. someone who takes and delivers mail or packages
Before trains, most couriers used horses to travel.

overboard

adv. over the side of a boat and in the water
Tom and Gary slipped on the wet floor and fell overboard.

discharge

v. to allow them to leave from a place, usually a hospital
I was discharged from the hospital after three days.

sideways

adv. moves to or from the side
Jim turned sideways in order to slow down and stop his snowboard.

omen

n. a sign of what will happen in the future
He thought that seeing a black cat in the street was an omen of bad luck.

aerial

adj. to being in the air or flying
The aerial photographer took pictures from the air balloon.

consistency

n. the state of always behaving in the same way
Her consistency in archery meant that our team had a chance to win.

intact

adj. complete and not damaged
Despite being over 30 years old, my father’s model ship is still intact.

poignant

adj. a very strong feeling of sadness
The girls cried at the end of the poignant movie.

overcast

adj. full of clouds and is not sunny
The sky was overcast in the morning, but by noon it was bright again.

upbringing

n. taught to behave by their parents
He had a strict upbringing and was never allowed to watch television.

apparatus

n. a device used for a particular purpose
The campers had an apparatus that showed them their exact location.

accumulate

v. to collect a lot of it over time
The mail accumulated in their mailbox while they were on vacation.

sob

v. to cry loudly
I sobbed when my youngest daughter got married.

seclude

v. to keep them away from other people
She was secluded on an island for over a year.

avalanche

n. a large amount of snow, ice, and rock falling off a mountain
The avalanche destroyed the mountain village.

speck

n. a very small mark or amount
A speck of blood appeared where the mosquito had bit him.

mortal

adj. cannot live forever
All people are mortal.

sober

adj. serious and calm
After the funeral, everybody felt very sober.

ranger

n. A ranger is a person who protects the forest or parks.
Peter wanted to be a ranger because he liked spending time outside.

rubble

n. piles of broken stone and wood created after a building is destroyed
There was rubble all over the city after the earthquake.

episode

n. happens as part of a series of events
We watched the final exciting episode of the TV series.