4000 Essential English Words 2e 5 (2nd Edition) 영영 Unit 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30

relate

v. to have a connection with something
A company’s plan usually relates to how much profit it can make.

bait

n. something used to trick a person or thing to do something
The best bait for catching fish is a big, fat worm.

copper

n. a red-brown metal often used in electric wire and pipes
Ancient hunters melted copper to make knives and spears.

myth

n. a traditional story that explains a culture's history and beliefs
In Greece, there was a myth about a woman who had snakes for hair.

disease

n. an illness that causes specific problems
He had a disease that caused him to lose his hearing.

venom

n. a poisonous substance that comes from animals or plants
A snake’s venom can be used to cure the illnesses it creates.

itch

n. to have an unpleasant feeling that you want to scratch
The rough fabric in his shirt made his neck itch.

religion

n. a belief in a god or gods
Their religion taught that people should forgive their enemies.

background

n. a person's education, family, and experience
The new teacher had a background in science and math.

infect

v. to give someone an illness
The common cold infects hundreds of millions of people each year.

millennium

n. 1000 years
Stonehenge is believed to have been built about five millennia ago.

promote

v. to raise someone to a higher position or rank
After two years at the company, she was promoted to manager.

teller

n. a person who works with a bank's customers
The teller at the bank helped Kelly put money into a savings account.

trustworthy

adj. honest and truthful
Mary is one of the most trustworthy people I’ve ever met.

update

v. to make something more modern.
We need to update the programs on our computers.

vein

n. a tube in the body that carries blood toward the heart
The blue veins in my hand are just under my skin.

folklore

n. the collection of beliefs and stories of a culture
India’s folklore has stories about great warriors written in long poems.

sum

n. a specific amount of money
He calculated the numbers to see what the sum of his bills would be.

literature

n. books, plays, and poetry
Early American literature covers the poetry and stories from 1500 to 1800.

chronicle

v. to record an event
The daily newspaper chronicles local and world events.

charity

n. an act of giving help, usually money, to those who need it
Thanks to his friends’ charity, he had enough money to pay the rent.

hitchhike

v. to travel by asking for rides from passing vehicles
She didn’t have a car, so she hitchhiked several miles to her brother’s home.

temper

n. someone's mood or a chance that they might get angry
She has a temper. Even the slightest mistakes make her angry.

condemn

v. to give someone a specific punishment
The judge condemned the criminal to five years in prison.

goods

n. anything that can be bought or sold
Shoes, hats, dresses, and purses were the goods she wanted to buy.

heed

v. to obey or follow something
You should heed the advice on the sign and not drive so fast.

mock

v. to tease someone in a cruel way
The girls mocked Nancy because she was a new student.

neutral

adj. not helping either of the two fighting sides
The girl’s friend remained neutral while the couple was arguing.

persecute

v. to treat someone badly
Dan felt persecuted because he was smaller than the other boys at school.

victor

n. a group or person that wins in a contest
At the end of the game, the blue team were the victors.

cozy

adj. comfortable, warm, and relaxing
The thick blanket made the bed very cozy.

scribe

n. a person whose job was to copy written works
In ancient Egypt, scribes recorded important events.

economy

n. the money and businesses of a country or region
The factory was good for the economy because it brought jobs to the area.

deplete

n. to use up all of something
All the driving he was doing was depleting his car’s fuel supply.

empire

n. a large group of countries ruled by an emperor or empress
The emperor built roads to make travel easier throughout the empire.

unity

n. the state of people working together for a certain purpose
The project was finished early thanks to the unity of the workers.

pity

n. the feeling of sadness and kindness for those who are suffering
Because she had pity for the lost boy, she helped him find his parents.

reduce

v. to make something smaller in size or fewer in number
When the store reduced its prices, people wanted to shop there.

commerce

n. the activity of buying and selling things
The new shopping mall increased the commerce in that section of town.

throne

n. the special chair in which a ruler sits
Nobody except the king and queen sat in the thrones in the great hall.

controversy

n. a dispute about something that affects many people
There has been a lot of controversy over the judge’s decision.

evolve

n. to change over time
Many people think that humans evolved from animals.

factor

n. something that has an effect on the way another thing happens
Smoking is the main factor that causes lung cancer.

offspring

n. the children of a person or the babies of an animal
The dog’s offspring had the same color of fur as she did.

regulate

v. to control how something happens
The bank regulates how much money people can borrow.

accurate

adj. completely correct
The story in the newspaper wasn’t very accurate.

genetic

adj. related to the genes in one's body
The color of one’s eyes is genetic.

asteroid

n. a giant rock from outer space
In 1908, a giant asteroid hit Siberia.

reinforce

v. to make something stronger; to support it
Peter reinforced his opinion with information from a book.

vegetarian

n. someone who does not eat any meat products
I became a vegetarian because I don’t like the taste of meat.

multiply

v. to increase in number
In the past year, the number of people at work has multiplied by ten percent.

genome

n. the collection of all the genes in a living thing
Understanding the human genome may help cure many diseases.

identical

adj. being the same as someone or something else
James and John are identical twins.

stricken

adj. badly affected by a disease or problem
The pilot landed the stricken airplane with difficulty.

mammal

n. an animal that usually has hair and is not born from an egg
Even though they live in water, whales are actually mammals.

majority

n. more than half of the people or things in that group
A majority of the people voted for Tom Smith in the election.

analyze

v. to study something
The scientist will analyze the blood sample.

vast

adj. very large
The wealthy man bought a vast amount of land in the countryside.

intellectual

n. a very smart person
We’ve always considered my Uncle Max to be the intellectual of the family.

pesticide

n. a substance used to kill insects
The farmer sprayed his crops with a pesticide to keep bugs away.

progress

n. getting better at what you are doing
There are clear signs of progress.

machine

n. something made by people and doing work for us
The machine was broken.

sandy

adj. covered with sand
I love walking on a sandy beach.

shortage

n. coming from short and means not having enough
During the dry season, there was a shortage of water.

earthen

adj. made of clay
The house’s roof was made of earthen tiles.

peel

v. to remove skin of fruits or vegetables
He peeled the apple before eating it.

dense

adj. having a lot of things close together
I easily became lost in the dense forest.

skillful

adj. very good at doing something
The carpenter is very skillful at building houses.

dominate

v. to control someone or something
The loud man dominated the conversation.

incorrect

adj. wrong
Your answer is incorrect. You need to correct it.

bowl

n. a dish with a round deep shape
I put the fruit in the fruit bowl.

prescription

n. permission from a doctor to get medicine
The doctor gave me a prescription for my medication.

likewise

adv. doing the same thing as someone else
If Joe is not going to school so he can go swimming, I want to do likewise.

oppress

v. to rule over someone in a cruel and unfair way
Free speech had been oppressed in his country.

hostile

adj. angry and unfriendly
We were happy to move away from our hostile neighbor.

cooking

n. making food ready to eat
I really enjoy cooking, especially Italian food.

medication

n. medicine or drugs given to people who are sick
The doctor gave me medication to treat my illness.

obscure

adj. not well known
The old man travels the world in search of obscure books.

dignity

n. the ability to be calm and worthy of respect
When his company went out of business, he faced it with dignity.

intake

n. the amount of food you take into your body
The doctor said I needed to increase my intake of fruits and vegetables.

aircraft

n. a vehicle that flies in the sky, such as an airplane or helicopter
At the museum in the airport, you can see a lot of old aircraft.

species

n. a type of plant or animal
There are 21 different species of butterfly in this forest.

zoology

n. a subject in which people study animals
Helen wants to study zoology because she has always liked animals.

jealousy

n. a feeling of wanting something that somebody else has
She felt a lot of jealousy when she saw her friend with a new car.

institute

n. an organization that is interested in research or teaching
I am going to a lecture about Ancient Rome at the Historical Institute.

rural

adj. in the countryside instead of the city
I want to live in a small house in a rural area.

secluded

adj. far away from any other place
There was a secluded bench in the park.

traverse

v. to move or travel through an area
The explorer traversed the desert alone on a camel.

ethical

adj. it is the right thing to do
Many people believe that it is ethical to help others in need.

migrate

v. to move from one place to another
Many birds migrate to warmer countries in the winter.

swamp

n. a very wet area of land
There are lots of wild animals living in the swamp.

hardy

adj. strong and can live through difficult conditions
The farmer is a hardy man and doesn’t mind working outside.

principle

n. a belief about the correct way to behave
To maintain principles, it’s vital to watch, listen, and speak carefully.

decisive

adj. making decisions quickly
Our boss is very decisive, so it did not take long to organize the project.

esteemed

adj. liked or respected by many people
An esteemed scientist is coming to the university to talk about his discoveries.

nurture

v. to care for something as it grows or develops
Robert nurtured his plants, and that is why they grow so well.

concrete

n. a substance made from stones
The man covered the ground with concrete.

overhead

adv. located above you
As we sat on the top of the hill, a plane flew overhead.

celebrity

n. someone who is famous
It was the highlight of the evening when the celebrities arrived.

extinct

adj. none left
There used to be dinosaurs all over the world, but now they are extinct.

designate

v. to give someone or something a particular description
The famous lighthouse was designated a historical monument.

knowledge

n. what you know
He has trouble putting his knowledge into practice.

accordingly

adv. in a way that is suitable
He feels like he did a good job and his boss should pay him accordingly.

dock

n. an enclosed area where ships go to be loaded, unloaded, and repaired
The huge ship pulled into the dock, and the crew unloaded the cargo.

grease

n. an oily substance put on moving parts so they work smoothly, or oil or fat in cooking
When I was done working on the car, I had grease all over my hands.

slot

n. a narrow opening in a machine or container
To operate the machine, put your coins into the slot.

skill

n. something makes you good at doing a job
She worked with great skill and confidence.

anchor

n. a heavy object dropped from a boat to make it stay in one place
When the ship reached its destination, the crew dropped the anchor.

genuine

adj. true or real
After the painting was determined to be genuine, it sold for a million dollars.

cause

n. to make something happen
Tiredness caused the accident.

gears

n. the part of a motor that controls the speed
My brother has a car with four gears.

tactic

n. a careful plan to achieve something
Sam thought of a good tactic to attract more business.

context

n. the situations that form the background of an event
They studied the context of the battle before giving their presentation.

offset

v. to use one thing to cancel out the effect of another thing
Increased wages are offset by higher prices for goods.

overlap

v. to cover a piece of something
The gift on top overlaps the other gift on the bottom.

frequent

adj. happening or done often
While Dad was sick, the doctor made frequent visits to his house.

energy

n. strength to do lots of things
If you lack energy, try eating better food.

secondhand

adj. it has been owned by someone else
Her secondhand jeans were a bit faded in the front.

distort

v. to lie about something, or pull or twist out of shape
The man’s lawyer distorted the facts so that he would be set free.

omit

v. to leave out something or do not do it
I omitted some important information: he is not coming.

objective

n. a goal or plan that someone has
My objective this week is to finish my homework by 7:30 every night.

rainforest

n. a forest that is in a place where it rains very often
The rainforest is home to many animals.

cumulative

adj. an increase by adding one after another
The cumulative snowfall in the area is fifty centimeters per year.

deposit

v. to put something into a place or another thing
I deposited the money into my bank account.

capacity

n. the amount of things that can be put in something
The parking lot has reached its full capacity.

conserve

v. to protect something from being ruined or used completely
The group worked to conserve the beauty of Europe’s national parks.

birthplace

n. a place where a person is born or where something started
China is the birthplace of chopsticks.

crucial

adj. extremely important to another thing
Clean air is crucial to the survival of humans, plants, and animals.

federal

adj. it relates to the government of a country
Sometimes federal laws are different from state laws.

frequency

n. the number of times that something happens
The frequency of rainstorms is very high, especially during the spring.

comparative

adj. being judged based on something else
The money that John has is comparative to that of most other adults.

beneficial

adj. good for you
Drinking milk every day is beneficial for your bones.

equator

n. an imaginary line that splits the Earth into north and south
The equator crosses the northern part of South America.

oxygen

n. a gas that all living things need to breathe
She thinks there is more oxygen in the air in the country than in the city.

formation

n. the way that something is made
The formation of ice happens when water freezes.

strategy

n. a plan for how to do something
The team came up with a strategy to win the game.

wooded

adj. covered with trees
Jim and Ben decided to go hiking in the wooded area by the river.

comprehensive

adj. having all the details about something else
The teacher gave us a comprehensive review for the exam.

distribute

v. to give something to a number of people
The teacher distributed crayons and markers to her students.

exotic

adj. unusual because it is from far away
Rebecca tried many exotic foods on her trip to Africa.

scribble

v. to write something quickly without caring about how it looks
I scribbled a rough diagram of our plan and gave it to him.

solitude

n. the state of being totally alone
John lives a life of solitude because he doesn’t get along well with people.

incredulous

adj. not believing that it is true
She was incredulous that monkeys could ever drive a car.

linger

v. to last for a long time
The smell of fresh cookies lingered in the bakery.

paraphrase

v. to make someone else's writing or speech shorter
The students were asked to paraphrase the story they had just heard.

plague

n. a serious disease that quickly spreads to many people
A plague in Europe killed millions of people.

shrine

n. a religious building built to honor a person, event, or god
He prayed at the shrine for an hour.

expand

v. to increase
The company will expand its staff by ten percent next year

avail

n. help or benefit
His studying was to no avail because he failed the test.

worsen

v. to get worse
The weather suddenly worsened, and we had to stay inside.

define

n. to clearly state, show, or explain what something is
People define success in many different ways.

horrifying

adj. frightening and very unpleasant
There was a horrifying car accident today.

organism

n. a living thing, especially a very small one
We studied the organism under the microscope.

random

adj. happening without any pattern or reason
Young children often ask random questions.

riot

n. a crowd that reacts to bad news by violently breaking laws
A riot broke out after the candidate lost the election.

presently

adv. happening right now
Presently, our profits are good, but by next year we can do even better.

summon

v. to ask a person to come to you
We summoned the doctor as soon as we noticed she was sick.

dread

n. to be afraid of something that could, or is going to, happen
I dread the possibility that I will not get into college.

fundamental

adj. being a basic part of something
The fundamental rules of basketball are easy.

stark

adj. severe or clear in appearance or outline
There is a stark contrast between their test scores.

confidential

adj. it must be kept secret
The information from the meeting is confidential.

phenomenon

n. something that can be seen as it is happening
I thought the lights were a strange phenomenon, but they were just shooting stars.

interact

v. to talk to or do something with another person
The kids began to interact when the adults left the room.

interval

n. the time between two things happening
Tony rested for brief intervals while he worked in the yard.

automobile

n. a car
The first automobiles were very different from the ones that exist today.

incorporate

v. to add something to another thing
I decided to incorporate a new ingredient into my cake recipe.

pollute

v. to make air, water, or land dirty, unclean, or foul
The careless factory polluted the river with chemicals.

tournament

n. a competition, usually with many people participating
My dad is playing in a golf tournament tomorrow.

guideline

n. a rule about how to do something
Before they began the project, the teacher gave them some guidelines.

territory

n. a piece of land that belongs to a country but isn't a state
Gibraltar is a territory of Great Britain.

era

n. a period of time that has something special about it
During the medieval era, knights wore protective armor.

candidate

n. a person who is competing to win something such as a job
Alice is the best candidate for the job.

mobile

adj. it can be moved easily
Mobile phones are convenient because you can use them anywhere.

ridicule

n. to make fun of something in a mean way
The other students ridicule Peter’s foreign accent.

transportation

n. any type of vehicle that can carry people or things
I don’t have a car, so my normal transportation is the train.

solar

adj. related to the sun
Using solar energy is good for the environment.

modify

v. to change something a little bit
I modified my outfit by adding a belt to it.

parallel

adj. being the same distance away from each other
There are two yellow parallel lines dividing both sides of traffic.

enhance

v. to make something better
Amy’s blue shirt really enhances the color of her eyes.

corporate

adj. related to a large business
Tom enjoys working in the corporate world.

tornado

n. a tube-shaped formation of air that spins very quickly
During a tornado, the safest place to be is underground.

telegraph

n. a method of sending electric messages on wires
In the 1900s, the telegraph was the fastest way to send a message.

poultry

n. a bird, such as a chicken, that is used for meat and eggs
He raises poultry and sells their meat for extra money.

sergeant

n. a soldier or police officer of middle rank
He was promoted to sergeant after a year in the army.

wail

v. to show sadness by crying loudly
The baby wailed because it was hungry.

heir

n. a person who receives the money or property of someone who dies
The princess was the heir to the king and queen’s throne.

wardrobe

n. the collection of all of a person's clothing
She bought some new clothes to expand her wardrobe.

chaos

n. a situation that is confusing and not ordered
His presentation was in chaos. I couldn’t understand what he meant.

martial

adj. grown without adding chemicals to it
Karate is a martial art that began many years ago in Japan.

consistent

adj. always having the same behavior or attitude
Sara comes in every day and is our most consistent worker.

cyclone

n. a large storm with heavy rain and winds that spin in a circle
Hundreds of homes were damaged by the cyclone.

sheer

adj. complete and total
I was impressed by her sheer dedication to jogging.

organic

adj. someone or something that is not the same as others
The organic carrots are more expensive, but they’re better for you.

typhoon

n. a large tropical storm that moves in circles
Thousands of people lost electricity after a typhoon hit Australia.

scramble

v. to move somewhere quickly and desperately
The hikers scrambled down the side of the hill.

textile

n. cloth that has been woven or knitted
The blue textile was going to be used to make blouses.

boundary

n. the line where one area of land stops and another begins
This fence shows the boundary between our yard and yours.

bill

n. a statement of money owed for goods or for a service
I have so many bills that I do not know how to pay them all.

doomed

adj. going to fail or be destroyed
Since I spent all my money, my date with Jane is doomed.

stance

n. an attitude about an issue that someone states clearly
My stance is that using oil and gas is bad for the environment.