4000 Essential English Words 2e 4 (2nd Edition) 영영 Unit 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30

contradict

v. to state the opposite of what someone else has said
Ken was always fighting with his little sister because she kept contradicting him.

survive

n. it manages to continue to live in spite of difficult circumstances
She survived a heart attack.

ashore

adv. it goes from the water to the land
After a long day of fishing, Glen pulled his boat ashore, so it wouldn’t float away.

counterpart

n. something that is very similar to something else in what it does
Our manager will meet our rival company’s counterpart later today.

finally

adv. at the end of a series of events
We finally reached our destination.

plunge

v. to move down into something very quickly
The water in the pool was very cold, but the boy plunged in anyway.

theorize

v. to develop ideas about something
They enjoyed theorizing about how things worked.

embryo

n. a human or animal that is still growing inside its mother
Some doctors say that what a mother eats has a big effect on her embryo.

obstruct

v. to get in its way
The car broke down on the road and obstructed traffic for hours.

publicize

v. to make something get a lot of attention
The company publicized the job positions in the newspaper.

gazette

n. a newspaper
Alice wants to write for a gazette when she’s older.

individual

n. a single member of a group
Each individual is responsible for themselves.

prolong

v. to make something last for a longer time
Sandy walked slowly across the beach, trying to prolong her lunch break.

surplus

n. an extra amount of something
The store sold their surplus items on sale.

homogeneous

adj. it is made up of things which are all the same
All of the houses on Victor’s block were boring and homogenous.

major

adj. a very important event
There had been a major shift in government policy.

verify

v. to find out if something is true
Julian called the movie theater to verify that the movie started at nine.

vigorous

adj. they use a lot of energy
Henry uses vigorous exercise to keep himself in shape.

devoid

adj. devoid of a thing, they are missing it
The movie was devoid of any violence, so it was a perfect movie for the family.

diverge

v. to become different or to follow a different direction
The road diverged into two paths that led to our houses.

altar

n. a table used in churches
The altar had many lit candles on it.

arthritis

n. an illness causing pain and swelling in a person's joints
Agatha couldn’t play the piano anymore because of her arthritis.

hone

v. to improve it and make it very good
Lisa honed her chess skills through hours and hours of practice.

document

n. a written text, usually not in the form of a book
Please scan this document so we have an electronic copy.

deception

n. the act of lying or tricking someone
The magic looked very real, but it was only deception.

psychic

adj. they know what will happen or what people think
I think my grandmother has psychic abilities because she can predict anything.

dung

n. solid waste material produced by animals
There was cow dung all over the field.

strife

n. disagreement or fighting between people or groups
There was a lot of strife between Jim and Lisa about what TV show to watch.

botany

n. the study of plants
Gardens are the best places for botany.

deceased

adj. dead
We visited the graves of our deceased grandparents.

motive

n. your reason for doing something
We can show he had a motive to commit the crime, but we cannot show he did it.

sinister

adj. they are evil
Bad guys in most movies have sinister laughs.

scope

n. something is how many people or things it relates to
Modern history has a wide scope.

dusk

n. the time in the evening when it begins to get dark
After dusk, Hannah went to catch fireflies in the park.

gratify

v. to please them
Bonnie was gratified after receiving her gift from her parents.

interpret

v. to find its meaning
It is difficult to interpret while someone is speaking.

text

n. language used in communicating messages
Spoken text has many features which are different from written text.

pneumonia

n. a dangerous illness causing the lungs to fill with liquid
Elaine got pneumonia after playing outside in the rain without a coat.

psychotic

adj. they have a very serious mental illness
The psychotic patient believed he saw things that weren’t real.

credible

adj. they can be believed or trusted
Dick gave a credible reason for being late and didn’t get in any trouble.

magnify

n. to make it look bigger than it really is
Astronomers use telescopes to magnify faraway stars.

stun

v. to make them unable to speak due to surprise or shock
Tim fell off the swing and was too stunned to cry.

invalid

adj. not correct
The way to winning debates is to avoid invalid arguments.

ensure

v. to make sure it happens
Saving now will ensure we have enough money for our retirement.

minor

adj. a very small and unimportant problem
This is a minor problem.

paralysis

n. the loss of the ability to move all or part of your body
His paralysis meant that he had to use a wheelchair to get around.

elusive

adj. they are hard to find
The elusive fish only came out at night.

induce

v. to make it happen
Running without good shoes may induce leg pain.

pest

n. an animal or insect that hurts plants or food
Many farmers put up scarecrows to keep pests off their corn.

pursuit

n. you are chasing it
The pursuit of happiness is a basic human right.

deterioration

n. the act of becoming worse
The lack of care led to the deterioration of the house.

negligible

adj. it is extremely small and not important
The amount she owed was negligible. It was less than ten cents.

susceptible

adj. easily harmed by it
Not eating enough vegetables makes you more susceptible to getting sick.

mainstream

n. what is considered normal and accepted by most people
Before punk rock music became part of the mainstream, only a few people liked it.

microbe

n. a very small living thing
The first step in curing a disease is finding the microbe that causes it.

rupture

v. to tear or burst open
Sarah put too much water into the balloon, and it ruptured.

savage

adj. very violent or cruel
Wild animals are very savage when defending their babies.

artery

n. a tube that takes blood from the heart to the rest of the body
Eating healthily keeps your arteries clean so blood can flow with ease.

inseparable

adj. they can't be separated
Denise and Diana have been inseparable since they first met.

prevail

v. to be accepted or very common
Unfortunately, injustice still prevails in the country’s court system.

envious

adj. they want something that another person has
They were envious of their neighbor’s front yard.

dynamics

n. a situation are the way that parts of it affect each other
A good psychologist needs to know a lot about the dynamics of brain disorders.

civilian

n. someone who is not in the military
It was Todd’s job to keep civilians from entering the army facility.

indicate

v. we show or point out our thoughts or plans
They indicated that things would be likely to improve soon.

lentil

n. very small beans that people cook and eat
Danni made her special soup with lentils when her husband was sick.

prophecy

n. a prediction about what will happen in the future
Some people believe that prophecies are actually true.

advocate

v. a plan or idea is to support or suggest it in public.
The group advocated increased spending on education and schools.

authorize

v. to give permission for it
The mayor authorized the construction of a new statue in the park.

enroll

v. to put one's name on a list as a member of a group
The students had to enroll in the class one semester in advance.

festive

adj. it is happy and related to a party or celebration
Dean’s favorite part of Christmas is the festive clothing that people wear.

albeit

conj. although
She was happy, albeit briefly.

conquest

n. an event by which one country takes over another country
After the conquest, the people of the small city had no freedom.

disclose

v. to tell it to someone else
John came home late, so he had to disclose his activities to his wife.

mood

n. the way you are feeling
My boss is in a really bad mood today.

senate

n. a part of the government in some countries
Everybody liked Caroline and chose her to speak for them in the senate.

commodity

n. something that can be bought or sold
Fran’s uncle made most of his money trading commodities.

communicate

v. to talk or write to them
He was unable to communicate his feelings clearly.

marshal

v. to assemble them in order
The students were marshaled outside and put into groups.

morale

n. the amount of hope that people have during a difficult situation
To improve our family’s morale, mom suggested going on a picnic.

unrest

n. a state of anger about something among the people in a place
High taxes caused much of the unrest that led to the Revolutionary War.

certify

n. to confirm that its results are true
The photograph on her passport certified that she was indeed Jolene Sawyer.

curb

n. to prevent it from happening or increasing
She curbed her anger by listening to a relaxing song.

vow

v. to make a promise to do something
Before they are allowed to work, all senators must vow to never accept bribes.

enact

v. to make it into a law
The council enacted a law that would only allow buses to drive downtown.

gross

adj. disgusting
The food was so gross that the dog couldn’t eat it without feeling sick.

needy

adj. very poor
After he lost his job, he became very needy.

coherent

adj. sticking together
This was a coherent program for solving the flooding problem.

smallpox

n. a disease that causes tiny bumps on the skin and high fevers
When she saw the tiny bumps, she thought her son might have smallpox.

transmit

v. to pass it from one person or place to another
The radio tower transmits a signal to all the radios in a 20-kilometer radius.

diagnose

v. to identify the medical condition they have
Several of the children were diagnosed with the flu.

render

v. to make it become something else
His report was rendered unimportant by the release of new information.

collaborate

v. to work together on something
When they collaborated, they managed to finish their chores early.

federation

n. a group of states or businesses working for a common cause
The United Nations is a federation designed to prevent war, disease, and famine.

onset

n. something unpleasant is the beginning of it
At the onset of the battle, the enemy wasn’t prepared for such a large attack.

pledge

n. to make a promise to do something
Her mother pledged that she would find her daughter’s lost kitten.

prohibit

v. to not allow it
She prohibited the students from speaking until their work was done.

transform

v. to change it in a very significant way
The education system has been completely transformed.

humane

adj. good and kind
Helping build homes for poor people is very humane.

compile

v. to collect a variety of them into a group
She compiled a list of people who she wanted to attend her birthday party.

widespread

adj. spread widely across the world
It is a widespread belief that colds are caused by cold weather.

voluntary

adj. it is done by choice but is not required
Many people attended the voluntary boat safety class.

intestines

n. tubes through which food passes after it leaves the stomach
Whatever you eat goes into your intestines.

epidemic

n. an outbreak of a disease that spreads quickly
It was difficult to stop the flu epidemic.

administer

v. to take responsibility for organizing something
The teacher’s assistant will administer the test.

viable

adj. it is capable of doing what it is intended to do
Her method of solving the math problem seemed viable.

imperative

adj. extremely important and must be done
It was imperative for him to find a job.

emphasis

n. you give special attention to prevention
The government placed a strong emphasis on educational reform.

overcrowded

adj. it has too many people or things in it
The lobby was overcrowded with people.

hazard

n. something that could be dangerous to a person's health or safety
Smoking cigarettes poses many health hazards.

provision

n. the act of giving it to people in need or want
That department is responsible for the provision of emergency supplies.

reverse

v. to go backwards
We reversed out of the parking place and then drove away.

deficiency

n. a lack of something, especially something that is needed
Your snack has a deficiency of any real nutrients.

manifest

v. to make something visible or obvious
The joy of the holiday season manifested as bright smiles on the faces of the children.

sterile

adj. completely clean and free from germs
The hospital room looked quite sterile.

compassionate

adj. feel pity and sympathy for others
The compassionate nurse tried to make the sick man feel comfortable.

replenish

v. to make it full or complete again
We planted nearly one hundred seeds to replenish the garden after the fire.

contaminate

v. to put dirty or harmful chemicals into it
The lake was contaminated when pollutants entered the water.

practitioner

n. a doctor
She made an appointment with the practitioner to treat her cough.

upgrade

v. to improve it or make it more efficient.
He upgraded to a real fancy car.

adhere

v. to act in the way that a rule or agreement says is right
If the new employees wish to succeed, they must adhere to the boss’s rules.

Almighty

n. a name for a god in a religion
Before eating, they thanked the Almighty for their food.

ideology

n. a system of belief
Within the teachers’ ideology, there was a belief in the value of parent participation.

personalize

v. to design it to meet a person's unique needs
He personalized the woman’s exercises to give her a better workout.

seizure

n. a sudden condition in which the body loses control and shakes
Bright flashing lights can cause seizures in children.

airway

n. the passage by which air reaches a person's lungs
Since he was sick, mucus would occasionally get stuck in his airway.

found

v. to base it on that idea
This is founded on the belief that all people are created equal.

psychiatric

adj. then it is related to mental illness or its treatment
The doctor said the patient might have a psychiatric problem.

reflex

n. an unconscious action in which a body part responds to an event
There was a reflex when the doctor hit his knee with a rubber hammer.

utensil

n. a common tool or container
It seemed that a fork was the wrong utensil for trying to eat the soup.

inhale

v. to take air or a smell into the lungs
The camper inhaled the cool and fresh mountain air and felt relaxed.

invoke

v. to mention it to support an argument or ask for help
Before going into battle, the soldier invoked the name of his god for protection.

advent

n. the arrival or beginning of an important person, thing, or event
During the advent of radio, very few programs actually played music.

equate

v. to compare them and consider them very similar
She equated the man’s messy appearance with a lack of responsibility.

novelty

n. something that is new, original, or strange
Ice cream was a novelty for him since he rarely had any.

session

n. a meeting at a regular time in order to discuss and solve an issue
Every three months, the managers met in a session to discuss regional sales.

cycle

n. a series of events that go in a circle from the end back to the beginning again
They were caught in a cycle of poverty, lack of education, and unemployment.

definitive

adj. the most official
This library has the definitive collection of books on ancient Egypt.

lunar

adj. it is related to the moon
During a lunar eclipse, Earth’s shadow darkens the moon’s surface.

outmoded

adj. then it is no longer in fashion or use
Black and white television sets are outmoded.

psychiatry

n. the study and treatment of mental illness
Studying psychiatry has taught me a lot about mental illness.

item

n. a single separate piece
There were some items of clothing found at the crime scene.

omission

n. something that has been left out or not done
Mike was upset because of the omission of his name during the ceremony.

select

v. to carefully choose it
They had to select textbooks for each class.

concentric

adj. they have the same center
The target was a series of concentric circles.

cavity

n. a hole or space
I hope I do not have a cavity on my tooth.

discord

n. disagreement or fighting
There was much discord between the experts on the talk show.

assign

v. you give that work to particular people
I was assigned the job of making sure everyone had plenty to drink.

generate

v. to cause it to develop or begin
The mayor promised to generate new jobs and programs to help the poor.

clockwise

adv. it moves in a circle in the same direction as a clock.
Turn the screw clockwise to tighten it.

crisp

adj. it is hard or has a hard surface in a way that is pleasant
My favorite snack is a bag of crisp, delicious potato chips.

appetizing

adj. looks and smells very good
The appetizing plate of cookies was gone in half an hour.

wavy

adj. not straight
The child drew wavy lines all over the piece of paper.

courtesy

n. the excellence of manners or social conduct
Jenna always behaves with great courtesy when people visit her home.

multicultural

adj. many different cultures
Everyone was welcome to attend the multicultural celebration.

interchange

n. ideas between people is a discussion of each person's idea
There was an interchange of ideas between the groups.

allocate

v. to put it aside for a certain purpose or person
The government allocated $100 million to aid the disaster relief effort.

oversee

v. to make sure that it is being done properly
His job was to oversee the progress of the construction project.

pierce

v. to make a hole in it using a sharp object
The arrow pierced the target in the very center.

structure

n. the shape and organization of the parts of a building or group
There are big differences in family structure in different cultures.

visual

adj. relates to seeing
The visual displays were very attractive.

fume

n. unhealthy smoke and gases
The engine put unpleasant, black fumes into the air.

notwithstanding

prep. in spite of
Notwithstanding your objections, we have decided to move forward with the project.

patent

n. a right to be the only person allowed to make or sell a new product
He quickly established a patent for his brilliant invention.

penalize

v. to punish him or her
The team was penalized when they broke the rules.

output

n. the amount of something that a person or thing produces
The boss hired more workers to increase the factory’s output of products.

sector

n. a part of a country's economy in a specific type of industry
We learned about just a few of the factories within the manufacturing sector.

subscribe

v. to agree with it
She subscribed to the view that musical education should be kept in schools.

subsist

v. to have the food, water, and money needed to stay alive
Some people are forced to subsist on only a few dollars a month.

petroleum

n. a liquid natural resource from which many fuels are made
The petroleum at that factory is used to make gasoline.

conversion

n. the act of changing something into a different state or form
The city discussed the conversion of the parking lot into a skateboard park.

habitual

adj. it is a behavior that a person usually does
The man was a habitual liar who was incapable of being honest with anyone.

overpopulation

n. the state of having too many people in an area
The organization is concerned with the overpopulation of the world.

region

n. a large area of land usually based on some common feature
This is the wheat-growing region of the country.

suspend

v. to delay or stop it from happening for a while
The oil company suspended production until it was sure the factory was safe.

defer

v. to arrange for an action to happen at a later time
The girl was very sleepy, so she chose to defer her bath until morning.

scrap

n. a small amount of it
Chris liked to use many scraps of paper when thinking up ideas.

justify

n. to show or prove that it is necessary
The government tried to justify its decision to bring the country into a war.

cram

v. to put them into a place that can barely contain them
He crammed all of his shirts into the top drawer of the dresser.

export

v. to sell them to other countries
The United States exports many cereals and grains.

synthesis

n. a combination of different ideas or styles
The band’s music was a synthesis of many different musical genres.

advocacy

n. the act of supporting or recommending something
Janine’s strong advocacy for the event made people want to attend.

misguided

adj. it is based on bad judgment or wrong beliefs.
The snake bit Molly during her misguided attempt to catch it.

harmonize

v. to make different things go well together
The sweet and sour flavors of the dish harmonized well and tasted great.

technical

adj. skill requires good control of technique
Her technical skill was perfect.

rehearse

v. to practice and prepare for a performance in front of people
Vick’s band rehearsed all week before their first show.

Mandarin

n. one of the two main Chinese languages
Although John’s parents both spoke Mandarin, he could only speak English.

mimic

v. to copy the way it sounds, moves, looks, etc.
The hunter mimicked a duck’s call and shot the two ducks that called back.

statute

n. a law that is official and has been written down
The new statute made it illegal to walk dogs in the park.

villain

n. an evil person who breaks the law or hurts others
The villain made off with half of my family’s valuables.

vine

n. a plant that has long, twisting stems and climbs upward
The branches of the trees were covered with vines.

acrobat

n. a person who entertains people by doing amazing physical things
There were acrobats at the circus that did impressive and complicated jumps.

industrious

adj. they work hard
Dennis was very industrious, so he never had problems finding a job.

scorn

v. to behave without respect toward them
The criminal was scorned by everyone in the community.

fluid

adj. it is smooth and moves gracefully
Boris was a famous ballet dancer because people admired his fluid movements.

communal

adj. a group of people
On the weekends, Theo and his son picked up trash in the communal park.

inventive

adj. they are good at creating new things
The inventive student built a robot to help her with her chores.

resourceful

adj. having inner resources
Because he was very resourceful, he could make most of the things he needed rather than buying them.

sensory

adj. it is related to the senses
Iris and Eric preferred the sensory thrill of watching movies in the theater.

metropolitan

adj. it relates to a large city
After years of living on a farm, Rufu was finally moving to a metropolitan area.

veteran

n. someone who has a lot of experience doing something
Hank was the team veteran and had completed more races than anyone else.