4000 Essential English Words 2e 4 (2nd Edition) 영영 Unit 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20

precise

adj. exact and careful about their work
The builder was very precise about where he placed the nails.

publicity

n. public attention given to someone or something by the media
She received a lot of publicity after her performance in the film.

essence

n. its important qualities or basic characteristics
The essence of the argument was that both sides felt they had lost money.

subsequent

adj. then it comes after something else in time
The flood and the subsequent rescue of those caught in the flood were on TV.

commence

v. to begin it
His speech commenced with a “thank you” to all who had helped him succeed.

fabulous

adj. extremely good
This strawberry is the best I’ve ever had. It’s fabulous.

molecule

n. the smallest basic unit that makes up a physical substance
A tiny drop of water is made up of many billions of molecules of water.

terminal

adj. then it causes or results in death
Since his condition was not terminal, he felt a great sense of relief.

haste

n. speed in movement or action
In order to get to the meeting in time, he proceeded with haste.

astonish

v. to greatly surprise them
The number of people that came to her party astonished her.

extract

v. to remove it
The dentist extracted the woman’s damaged tooth and put in a fake one.

assess

v. to judge the structure, purpose, or quality of it
She assessed the condition of the toy car before buying it.

impulse

n. a sudden thoughtless urge to do something
Because of the scary noise, she had an impulse to run somewhere and hide.

latter

adj. describes something last in a series or the second choice of two things
In the latter minutes of the game, the visitors scored the winning goal.

ongoing

adj. then it is still happening or still growing
The development of plants is ongoing because it takes time for them to mature.

significance

n. the quality that makes it important
The significance of the snowy weather was that we didn’t have to go to school.

inhibit

v. you stop it from developing
Poor reading skills will inhibit learning in a wide range of subject areas.

proximity

n. closeness in time, space, or relationships
All the trees in the proximity of the beach had been cut down.

remedy

n. a cure for a disease, argument, or problem
A good remedy for a headache is an aspirin and a glass of water.

synthetic

adj. then it is made to be like something natural
Clothing made out of synthetic fabrics is very effective at keeping people warm.

spontaneous

adj. not planned
My wife made a spontaneous decision to buy a new sofa while I was at work.

gorgeous

adj. very pleasing and attractive
The girl picked out a gorgeous dress to wear to the dance.

narrate

v. to write about it or read it aloud
This story was written by John, but Aaron is narrating it to the crowd.

partiality

n. a tendency to prefer one thing to another
She has a partiality for walking to school instead of driving.

acute

adj. very severe and intense
When she fell out of the tree, the girl felt an acute pain in her arm.

overall

adv. the whole thing is considered
Overall, the party was a huge success.

biography

n. an account of someone's life that is written by someone else
We read a biography about Charles Darwin in science class.

legacy

n. an effect that exists because of a person or thing in the past
The legacy of the ancient Egyptians can be seen in their monuments.

classical

adj. more formal and serious than popular music
Beethoven is a composer of classical music.

clap

n. to hit one's hands together to express pleasure or get attention
After the speech, everyone in the crowd clapped their hands for the speaker.

dominance

n. a person is their state of being more powerful than others
Large gorillas hit their chests to express their dominance over others.

compel

v. to force them to do it
Traffic signs compel drivers to drive safely.

multiple

adj. many of them
When the stunt went wrong, the man suffered multiple injuries.

aggression

n. behavior that is mean or violent to others
The problem was only made worse by Mark’s aggression.

boost

v. to increase or improve it
Lowering prices boosts customers’ interest in shopping.

notorious

adj. it is well known because of something bad
This area of town is notorious for gang activity.

creation

n. something original that is made
We saw the creation of a new political party.

inevitable

adj. certain to happen or cannot be avoided.
It is inevitable that the days will get longer in the summer.

virtue

n. a good quality or way of behaving
My best virtue is forgiveness.

masterpiece

n. a very good painting, novel, movie, or other work of art
The Arc de Triomphe is considered a masterpiece in the world of architecture.

credit

n. money available for a client to borrow
His bank account is in credit, so he has money he can spend.

spatial

adj. it relates to the position and size of things
He was asked where the books were located to test his spatial awareness.

asset

n. a skill or quality that is useful or valuable
The coach realized the boy’s speed was an asset to the team.

assignment

n. task that is given to you to do
He was given a difficult assignment but he felt he could succeed in doing it.

disprove

n. to show that it is not true
The scientist disproved the theory that the sun moved around the Earth.

premise

n. an idea on which something is based
The premise of the movie that Bobbi and I watched was unrealistic.

aspect

n. one part or feature of something.
I thought about the different aspects of owning two dogs.

coordinate

n. to make different parts work together
Each skating team had to coordinate their movements for the show.

informative

adj. it provides a lot of information
The travel guide had a lot of informative facts about the region.

tie

v. two things together, you fasten them with rope, string, etc.
The dog is used to being tied up.

awareness

n. knowledge or perception
She has little awareness of what needs to be done.

bud

n. a part of a plant that turns into a flower or a leaf
Two weeks after planting the seed, a small bud appeared.

humanitarian

adj. it is connected to helping people's lives
After the flood, several humanitarian organizations offered help.

optic

adj. When something is optic, it relates to the eyes or light.
Her blindness was caused by a problem with her optic nerve.

undertake

v. to take on the responsibility of doing it
We undertook to make sure everybody was well informed of current progress.

hypothesis

n. an idea about something that has not been proved yet.
The teacher did an experiment to prove whether his hypothesis was right.

wax

n. a substance that is slightly shiny and melts when heated
The candles are made of wax.

rack

n. an object with shelves that holds things
He stored his tools on a rack.

Renaissance

n. a period between the 14th and 17th centuries
Leonardo da Vinci was a popular artist of the Renaissance.

specify

n. to describe something clearly
The poster didn’t specify where the concert was taking place.

archeological

adj. it relates to archeology
They found archeological evidence of an ancient species of man.

parachute

n. a device that helps people and things fall to the ground safely.
They used parachutes dropped from airplanes to send supplies to the civilians.

cite

v. to mention it as an example or as proof of something
She cited six reasons that the school needed to build new classrooms.

hydrogen

n. a gas that has no taste, color, or smell
Airships used to be filled with hydrogen, but it exploded easily.

estate

n. a large area of land owned by a family or organization
He lived on his father’s estate in the country.

archeology

n. the study of ancient people through their artifacts
He studied archeology to learn more about ancient Egyptian culture.

correspond

n. to match or to be similar to something
The boy’s story didn’t correspond with his mother’s version.

refine

n. to make it better by making changes
The principal refined his method of controlling students over the years.

chaotic

adj. crazy, confused, and hectic
The first day of school can be chaotic for a new student.

budget

n. the amount of money available to spend on something
His budget for food was very tight.

prehistoric

adj. from a time before written history
The scientists found prehistoric pots used by the people in the area.

restrict

v. to limit it and prevent it from getting bigger
The club restricted the amount of members.

outlook

n. a person's opinion or way of thinking about something
He changed his outlook about rats after he read a book about them.

addict

n. a person who cannot stop doing something
She was a coffee addict. She had more than three cups each day.

proponent

n. a person who supports an idea or a plan
He was a proponent of using environmentally-friendly products.

brainstorm

v. to have a lot of ideas about a certain topic
The students met after school to brainstorm ideas for their assignments.

fraud

n. the crime of gaining money by lying or by tricking people
Experts say that credit card fraud increases around the holidays.

team

n. a group of people who work closely together
The All Blacks are my favorite sports team.

courtyard

n. an outdoor area that is surrounded by the walls of a building
During the summer, the courtyard is a nice place to have lunch.

integrity

n. honesty and good morals
The principal had a lot of integrity.

aggregate

adj. it is made up of smaller amounts added together
The company totaled its aggregate sales for the entire year.

circuit

n. a piece of an electronic device that allows electricity to flow
Be very careful not to shock yourself when fixing an electrical circuit.

equivalent

n. an amount or value that is the same as another amount or value
I worked the equivalent of sixty hours this week.

magnet

n. a piece of iron or other material
I used a magnet to pick up the nails that were scattered on the floor.

viral

adj. it is a disease or infection that is caused by a virus
The girl was in bed for a week when she had a viral infection.

spiral

n. a shape which winds round and round as if around a cylinder
A strand of DNA looks like two interlocking spirals.

intimate

adj. the two things are very closely connected
I only tell my secrets to my most intimate friends.

prevalent

adj. common
Growing a beard is more prevalent in some countries than in others.

compress

v. to press or squeeze it so that it takes up less space
I compressed my clothes to fit into a single suitcase.

ratio

n. a relationship between two things expressed in numbers or amounts
The boy-to-girl ratio is one to three.

quantum

n. it relates to the behavior of atomic particles
The physics student studied quantum mechanics.

microchip

n. a small device in a computer that holds information
I can put more data on my computer if I buy a more powerful microchip.

database

n. a collection of data
The company has a database of all the names and accounts of their customers.

input

n. information that is put into a computer
Type the input into the computer program.

complement

v. to make them better
The wool scarf complemented her lovely eyes.

phase

n. a stage in a process or the gradual development of something
The first phase in the recycling project involves finding volunteers to help out.

pinch

n. to take a piece of skin between one's fingers and squeeze
I pinched my nose so I couldn’t smell the odor from the garbage.

metabolism

n. the way chemical processes in their body use energy
If you exercise every day, your metabolism speeds up.

antibiotic

n. a medical drug used to kill bacteria and treat infections
The doctor gave me a shot of an antibiotic when I got the flu.

immune

adj. they cannot be affected by it
Children usually get shots to make them immune to certain diseases.

acid

n. a chemical that can burn or dissolve other substances
In chemistry class, we mixed two acids together and watched the reaction.

administration

n. the group of people who manage a company or organization
She hoped she could be promoted to a job in administration.

coalition

n. a group of people or organizations working for a common purpose
The companies formed a coalition to make trade less expensive.

ethics

n. moral beliefs or rules about right or wrong
The act of stealing certainly doesn’t go against some people’s ethics.

erosion

n. the destruction of rock
Canyons are formed because rivers of fast-moving water caused erosion.

nectar

n. a sweet liquid produced by flowers
Bees use nectar to make their honey.

notion

n. an idea or belief about something
I had a notion that this route would get us to the beach.

diabetes

n. a medical condition in which a person's body cannot control the level of sugar in their blood
Overweight people are more likely to suffer from diabetes than slimmer ones.

explicit

adj. it is very clear, open, and truthful
The man gave a very explicit account of the car accident.

framework

n. a set of rules or ideas that people use to solve problems
His ideas fit into the framework of a successful business plan.

administrative

adj. describes anything related to managing a company or organization
I work as an administrative assistant to the owner of the company.

biotechnology

n. the use of living parts, such as cells, in industry and technology
Researchers at the biotechnology company use bacteria to make medicine.

eliminate

v. to completely remove it
Wearing a seatbelt eliminates some of the dangers of driving a car.

regime

n. a system of government or management
He was a member of the old regime that had been overthrown in the election.

deceptive

adj. it encourages one to believe something that is false
The scary-looking man’s appearance is deceptive; he is actually very nice.

cholesterol

n. a substance in fat, tissues, and blood of all animals
When people have too much cholesterol, they are at a high risk for heart problems.

mechanism

n. a part of a machine that performs a certain function
I can’t open my car door because the locking mechanism is broke.

straightforward

adj. it is easy to understand
The teacher’s grading system was straightforward and fair.

minimize

v. to reduce something to the lowest possible level
I checked my homework twice to minimize errors I might have made.

manufacture

v. to make it in a factory
My father’s company manufactures steel building materials.

tenant

n. a person who rents property from a landlord
The new tenants moved into the house across the street.

whereby

adv. by which or through which
The mayor had a new bridge built whereby the citizens could cross the river.

mandatory

adj. it is required by law
It’s mandatory that everyone be at least 16 to drive a car in the US.

utility

n. a business that supplies services such as water or electricity
If you don’t pay the utilities, you may have your electricity turned off.

hygienic

adj. clean and unlikely to cause disease
My sister works very hard to keep her entire home as hygienic as possible.

quote

n. what someone has said, including saying how much a piece of work will cost
His writing was full of quotes from Shakespeare.

landlord

n. a man who rents property to a person
The landlord collected everyone’s rent money on the first day of every month.

mortgage

n. a loan for property, especially a home or a business
When they bought their new home, the married couple had to sign a mortgage.

bankrupt

adj. then they are unable to pay their debts
The store had few customers and soon went bankrupt.

mend

v. to fix it when it is broken or damaged
Mother mended the rip in my pants with a piece of cloth.

employ

v. to give work to them
The bookstore employed two full-time clerks.

hygiene

n. the conditions or methods needed for health and cleanliness
People who brush their teeth at least twice a day are practicing good hygiene.

extension

n. a part added to something to give it more time or space
My parents decided to add an extension to our house for the new baby.

furnish

v. to put furniture in a house or room
Most homes are furnished with tables, chairs, and beds.

lease

n. to rent property
When the family first leased the apartment, the rent was very low.

personnel

n. employees in a business.
When business increased, we had to hire more personnel.

expel

v. To expel someone means to force them to leave a place.
Since he would not follow the rules, the principal had to expel the student.

forthcoming

adj. then it is about to happen in the future
Some economists predicted that the forthcoming world economy would be severe.

plumbing

n. the system of pipes used in a home to supply water
When the plumbing stopped working, no one was allowed to use the toilets.

conform

v. to rules or laws is to obey them
The new student had to conform to the school’s dress code.

transplant

n. an operation in which a damaged part of one's body is replaced
The sick child needed a heart transplant to live.

adapt

v. to change in order to deal with a new situation
When he went to the new town, he had to adapt to all the weather changes.

respective

adj. they relate separately to each person just mentioned
The boxers were told to return to their respective corners.

heredity

n. the process of passing on features from parents to children
The boy’s face is similar to his father’s because of heredity.

minimal

adj. very small
My lazy husband does a minimal amount of work around the house.

sequence

n. a number of events or things that come one after another
The dominos fell in a sequence of one after another.

prescribe

n. to tell someone to take it
When I was sick, the doctor prescribed flu medicine for me to take.

transition

n. a process where there is a change from one form to another
The weather gets colder during the transition from summer to autumn.

cellular

adj. it relates to the cells of animals or plants
She used a microscope to see the activity at a cellular level.

dynamic

adj. lively and have creative ideas
The new, dynamic employee came up with a good way to juggle his workload.

pioneer

n. a person who is the first to discover
He was a pioneer of computer programming.

similar

adj. almost the same
I have had a similar experience to the one you described.

internal

adj. it exists or happens inside a person, object, or place
We removed the outer case to reveal the computer’s internal wires.

substitute

n. something or someone means to have them take the place of another
When I ran out of juice, I had to substitute water to drink in the morning.

transfer

n. to move it from one place to another
The family transferred the groceries from the shopping cart to the car.

biological

adj. describes the process of life and living things
In science class, we learned about the biological process of bacterial growth.

rigid

adj. they cannot be changed
Societies often have rigid rules about the way that people are supposed to act.

surgeon

n. a doctor who is trained to do surgery
The surgeon operated on the old man’s heart.

fantasy

n. a pleasant situation that people think about but is unlikely to happen
Becoming an astronaut is a fantasy shared by many children.

therapy

n. treatment for a particular physical or mental illness or condition
After she broke her legs, she used physical therapy to learn how to walk again.

err

v. to make a mistake
The pilot erred in his estimate of the time it would take to make the trip.

multitude

n. a very large number of them
A multitude of people were waiting at the airport.

frantic

adj. they behave in a wild way because they are frightened
The cat became frantic when I tried to give it a bath.

differentiate

v. to show the difference between them
It was hard to differentiate between the identical twins.

disrupt

n. something or someone is to prevent them from working
The loud crash disrupted the class lecture.

astrology

n. the study of the stars in the belief that they influence people's lives
Jack, who studies astrology, believes that the stars can predict the future.

stranded

adj. they are prevented from leaving a place
When the plane left, my sister and I were stranded in China.

deviate

v. to move away from your proper course
Very few deviate much from the average.

improvise

v. to do it with whatever is available or without planning
There was no meat for the pizza, so we improvised with what was in the fridge.

inadvertent

adj. it is done without realizing what you are doing
She made an inadvertent error when she knocked over the nail polish.

revolve

v. to keep it as the main feature or focus
My life revolves around sports.

erroneous

adj. it is incorrect or only partly correct.
The child held the erroneous belief that time machines were real.

permanence

n. something is its ability to last forever
Poor results threaten the permanence of the new system.

soothe

n. to calm someone who is angry or upset
The mother soothed her crying baby by rocking him in her arms.

technique

n. a way of doing something.
There are a lot of teaching techniques that are well supported by research.

couple

n. made of two things that go together
There were a couple of problems I had to solve.

nuisance

n. a person or thing that is annoying or causes a lot of problems
The teenager considered her noisy little brothers to be quite a nuisance.

equation

n. a math operation to determine the value of something
I used the Pythagorean theorem to solve the equation.

latitude

n. place is its distance from the equator
The device was able to tell the traveler his exact latitude.

mariner

n. a sailor
The old mariner used his telescope to find the shore.

attire

n. nice or special clothing
Everyone wore their best attire to the president’s daughter’s wedding.

craze

n. a brief and popular activity or object
Wearing bright red socks was a craze when I was in high school.

feminine

adj. then it has qualities that are commonly related to women
Many of the older people thought his long hair made him look too feminine.

excess

n. an amount of something that is more than needed or wanted
Because it never got cold that winter, many stores had an excess of coats.

aristocracy

n. the highest class of people in certain societies
Most members of the aristocracy were very well fed.

aristocrat

n. a person who is of the highest class in certain societies
The aristocrat did not need a job because his family was wealthy.

enlarge

v. to make it bigger
The classrooms were enlarged over the summer to make room for more students.

vanity

n. excessive pride
Her vanity won’t allow her to pass a mirror without looking at herself.

denote

v. to make known
Quotation marks are used to denote speech.

tangle

n. something or many things twisted together
The laces of his shoes were in such a tangle that he could not untie them.

hierarchy

n. a system of things or people ranked one above the other
Everyone knows where they fit in the hierarchy.

predominant

adj. then it is the most important, common, or strongest
Before cars were invented, horses were the predominant method of travel.

style

n. the way you do things
Her clothes were all in the latest style.

protocol

n. a system of rules and customs that guides how things are done
The introduction of the guests followed the normal protocol.

strap

n. a thin long piece of fabric used to fasten, carry, or hold something
She put the strap of her purse over her shoulder and walked out the door.

reputable

adj. then they have a good reputation
The service from the less-than-reputable company made her angry.

signify

n. to be a symbol of something
A red octagon is used to signify a place to stop.

partner

n. someone who lives or works with you as an equal
Ladies and gentlemen, take your partners for the next dance.

absurd

adj. ridiculous
That group of people making animal noises sounds completely absurd.

pad

n. thick piece of soft material used to protect or clean things
Football players wear shoulder pads to keep them safe.