4000 Essential English Words 2e 4 (2nd Edition) 영영 Unit 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

target

v. to aim an attack at someone or something
Scientists are looking for new drugs to target cancer cells.

agenda

n. a plan or goal that guides someone's behavior
The man is pushing his questionable agenda on his colleagues.

keyboard

n. buttons marked with letters and numbers that are pressed to put information into a computer
Paul spilled coffee all over his keyboard.

surge

n. a sudden, large increase in something
All at once, there was a surge of runners at the finish line.

coin

v. to create a new word or phrase
The coach coined the phrase, “There is no ‘I’ in team.”

depression

n. a medical condition that makes a person very unhappy
Ron decided to get help for his depression.

digital

adj. it is characterized by computer technology
Students prefer to take notes on their laptops and other digital devices.

platform

n. something that allows someone to tell a large number of people about an idea, product, etc.
The band uses their music as a platform to express their political beliefs.

survey

n. a set of questions
I filled out a survey about my shopping experience at the department store.

addictive

adj. it is hard to stop doing
I think this game is very addictive.

presence

n. when someone or something is present in a particular place
The researcher discovered the presence of bacteria in the water sample.

importance

n. the quality or state of being important, valuable, or significant
The professor lectured the students on the importance of communication strategies.

poor

adj. it is not as good as it could or should be
The condition of the sidewalk is very poor.

validate

v. to make someone feel that his or her ideas and feelings are respected
Winning first prize will validate all of Tony’s hard work.

correlate

v. to have a close connection to something
Scientists believe that brain size might correlate with intelligence.

accountable

adj. he or she is responsible for the effects of his or her actions
Political leaders are accountable to the people they represent.

loneliness

n. the unhappiness that is felt by someone if they do not have any friends
Many people join social clubs to escape loneliness.

subject

v. to force them to do or experience it
The officers subjected everyone to a careful search before they left the plane.

media

n. the different ways of entertaining and giving information to the public
Many people like to express their opinions online using social media.

trend

n. a general tendency.
Lucy likes to think she started this fashion trend.

grind

v. to break something into small pieces or powder
We grind wheat to make flour.

object

v. to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something
The students object to raising the tuition.

substance

n. a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas
Arsenic is a poisonous substance.

transport

n. the system or method of carrying passengers or goods
Cargo ships are used for the transport of manufactured goods.

powder

n. a dry substance in the form of very small grains
Tumeric is a yellow powder used in cooking.

heal

n. to become healthy or well again
This ointment will help heal your wounds.

integrate

n. to make something a part of another larger thing
More women are being integrated into the military.

pollutant

n. a substance that makes the air or water not safe for use
A pollutant in the water killed this fish.

ton

n. a unit for measuring weight equal to 2000 pounds or 907.2 kilograms
This dump truck can carry up to 25 tons.

prompt

n. to cause someone to do something
The tight deadline will prompt the employee to work very hard.

moreover

adv. used to introduce information that adds to or supports what has previously been said.
Marianne likes to walk to work to save money; moreover, it is good exercise.

reject

v. to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something
I’m afraid the teacher will reject my new idea.

substantially

adv. it changes a lot
The price of the apartment went up substantially.

dust

n. dry particles of earth or sand.
Some people wear medical face masks to avoid breathing in fine dust and germs.

emit

v. to send out gas, heat, light, sound, etc.
This iron emits steam.

carbon dioxide

n. a gas made from one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms
There is carbon dioxide in the smoke from coal power plants.

carbon

n. a chemical element
Carbon is found in coal.

enable

n. to make it possible for something to happen.
Studying hard will enable the girl to get a good job.

skeptic

n. a person who disagrees with particular claims that are generally thought to be true
Kevin is a skeptic because he never believes anyone or anything.

leading

adj. it is the most advanced or best
Teresa is the leading expert on brain surgery for dogs.

flee

v. to leave somewhere very quickly in order to escape from danger
When a predator approaches a deer, the deer will flee.

raid

v. to attack a place in a short time
The soldiers are looking for the people who continue to raid the jungle villages.

detain

v. to prevent someone from leaving a place
The police had to detain the thief for shoplifting.

network

n. a group of people or organizations that are in some way connected to each other
Lesley is part of a volunteer network that plants trees in the city.

patrol

v. a group of people or vehicles that go through an area to make sure that it is free of trouble or danger
The military patrol is responsible for keeping the area safe.

tunnel

n. an underground passage
The tunnel will lead you to the next city.

align

v. to support a political group, country, or person that you agree with
The crowd seemed to align themselves with the protestors.

betray

n. to be disloyal to someone who trusts you
The four friends would never betray each other’s trust.

passage

n. a narrow space that people can move through
Follow the passage down the stairs.

cooperate

n. to work with someone to achieve something that you both want
The members of the team agreed to cooperate in order to get the project done.

exceptional

adj. outstanding
Holly is an exceptional student.

rail

n. a system of tracks on which trains travel
I prefer traveling by rail because it’s more convenient than driving through traffic.

barn

n. a large farm building
My grandparents keep hay in their red barn.

authority

n. someone who has the power
The local police department is the authority whenever large crowds gather.

pastor

n. a minister in charge of a parish or church.
The pastor speaks to the members of the church.

Catholic

adj. person is one that is connected with the Roman Catholic Church
Rosanne is Catholic, so she goes to church every Sunday.

Bible

n. the book of sacred writing in the Christian religion
I read the Bible every night before I go to sleep.

exit

n. a way to get out of a place
The green sign shows where the exit is located.

parish

n. the area for which a priest in some Christian churches is responsible
Greg’s parish has grown over the past year.

outrage

v. to make someone feel very angry
He was outraged when his proposal was turned down.

endorse

n. to express formal support
The committee will endorse their leader for the upcoming election.

equal

adj. the same in size, number, amount, or value as something else
The apple and orange are equal in weight.

guidance

n. help and advice that is given to someone about their work, education, or personal life
Ms. Smith provided valuable guidance to all her students.

mere

adj. how small or unimportant something or someone is
Scott lost the race by a mere two seconds.

power

n. the ability to influence people
The coach has the power to keep the players from playing if they don’t show up to practice.

field

n. a subject that people study
Jane works in the healthcare field.

tool

n. a piece of equipment or a skill that is useful for doing your job
Presentation skills are an important tool for communication.

inspire

n. to encourage someone
Jim’s father likes to inspire his son by encouraging him to follow his dream.

workplace

n. the room or building where you work
Diversity is important in the workplace.

inclusion

n. the act of including someone or something in a larger group or set
The school promotes the inclusion of parents in their students’ education.

education

n. the process of teaching and learning, usually at a school, college, or university
These students are receiving their education at a private school.

soar

v. to increase quickly to a high level
The temperature today will soar to a high of 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

face

v. to deal with something in a direct way.
Justin will face many challenges at work.

vocal

adj. he or she expresses a strong opinion publicly
Shawn gets vocal when someone disagrees with his opinions.

foster

v. to help a skill, feeling, or idea develop over a period of time
The afterschool program is designed to foster a sense of community at school.

encouragement

n. something that makes someone more determined, hopeful, or confident
The mother gives constant encouragement to her son.

responsibility

n. a task or duty
Parents have the responsibility to raise their children with love.

comfortable

adj. being physically relaxed and at ease
She is comfortable on her new sofa.

hold

v. to have a particular degree
Damian will soon hold a degree in business administration.

position

n. a rank or role
Kyle is interviewing for a marketing position.

realistic

adj. it is shown as it is in real life
Dorothy is painting realistic images of fish.

rule

n. an official instruction that says how things must be done or what is allowed.
Wearing a helmet while riding a bicyle is a rule in some cities.

academic

adj. it relates to schools and education
Alex received an award for his academic achievements.

cinema

n. a building in which films are shown
My sister enjoys watching movies at the cinema.

array

n. a large group or number of things
The toy cars are available in an array of colors.

class

n. the way people in society are divided into different social and economic groups.
This upper-class family travels on a private jet.

cafe

n. a small restaurant where you can buy drinks and simple meals
Monica works part-time at a cafe.

canvas

n. a thick piece of cloth
The artist paints bright colors on a canvas.

distinctive

adj. special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize
Olives have a distinctive flavor.

practice

n. something that is done often or regularly
Samuel has made it a practice to read the newspaper every morning.

sunlight

n. the natural light that comes from the sun.
The sunlight shines through the trees.

blur

v. to make something unclear
The photographer can blur the bright lights into the background.

traditional

adj. it is based on old-fashioned ideas
I prefer traditional furniture.

stroke

n. a single movement of a pen
The artist began with a yellow stroke on his painting.

key

adj. it is extremely important.
Marco is a key player on the country’s national team.

reflection

n. an image that is seen in a mirror or other shiny surface.
The man stared at his reflection in the mirror.

acceptance

n. when people agree that an idea, statement, explanation, etc.
Mr. Song celebrated his acceptance into the political party.

movement

n. a series of organized activities
Booker T. Washington was a member of the civil rights movement.

unlike

prep. completely different from a particular person or thing
Unlike his older brother, Jim is short.

width

n. the distance from one side of something to the other side
The man is measuring the width of the box.

nation

n. a large area of land that is controlled by its own government.
India is a nation that is developing rapidly.

originally

adv. when something first happened or began
This building was originally a bank.

wound

v. to injure someone or something by cutting or breaking the skin
The boy knew he might wound his knees if he didn’t wear pads on them.

pray

n. to speak to God in order to ask for help or to give thanks.
The girl likes to pray for world peace.

sacrifice

v. a formal custom that people do regularly
Karen has had to sacrifice a lot for her children.

mark

v. to celebrate an important event
My grandparents are having a party to mark their 50th anniversary.

landing

n. when you return to the ground or another surface after a flight or a boat ride
The man is in charge of leading the landing in the warzone.

thus

adv. as a result of something that was just mentioned
Victor wants to lose weight; thus, he’ll go on a diet and start exercising.

mobilize

v. to prepare an army to fight in a war
Thousands of soldiers were ready to mobilize for the fight.

victory

n. a situation in which you win a battle, game, election, or dispute
The man was thrilled with his victory.

determination

n. what you have when you try to do something even when it is difficult
Chris is the youngest competitor, but he has the most determination.

joint

adj. it is done by or involves two or more people or groups
Mike and Joanna are joint owners of a coffee shop.

outbreak

n. a sudden start
The scientists prepared for an outbreak of a dangerous virus.

anthem

n. a formal or religious song
Everyone sings the national anthem before the baseball game starts.

wild

adv. without control
Dandelions grow wild in the cracks of the streets.

prisoner

n. someone who is taken by force and kept somewhere
He has been a prisoner for many years.

beyond

prep. used to say that one thing is more than another
The job is beyond the man’s ability.

fighting

n. physical conflict between people or groups in a war, in the street, etc.
Heavy fighting continued for days.

silence

n. the complete absence of sound or noise
I can only sleep in complete silence.

tribute

n. something that you say, do, or give in order to express respect for someone
In some countries, people wear poppies as a tribute to veterans.

endangered

adj. very rare
The whooping crane is an endangered species.

genocide

n. the deliberate murder of a whole group or race of people
As a result of the genocide, many children have been orphaned.

danger

n. the possibility that someone or something will be harmed, destroyed, or killed
Smoking cigarettes is a danger to health.

extinction

n. when a particular animal, plant, type of person, custom, skill, etc. stops existing
The extinction of the dodo bird occurred in the 1600s.

urban

adj. it is related to towns and cities
It is common to see tall buildings in urban areas.

case

n. an example of a particular situation
A deposit of $1,000 is required, but in this case, we will accept half.

native

adj. it refers to the place someone was born and raised
Carlos is a hero in his native country of Brazil.

reference

n. the act of referring to something or someone
My supervisor made a reference to the data I’d collected.

attempt

n. an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult
This is Ben’s second attempt to climb Mt. Everest.

hit

v. to affect someone or something in a harmful or dangerous way
The ship was hit by a violent storm.

generally

adv. in most cases
The suburbs are generally viewed as a good place to raise children.

devastating

adj. it causes great harm
The tsunami had devastating effects on the seaside village.

diversity

n. the quality or state of having many different forms, types, ideas, etc.
My company puts an emphasis on the importance on having cultural diversity.

earthquake

n. a sudden shaking of a part of the Earth's surface that often causes a lot of damage
The earthquake caused the road to crack in multiple places.

reason

n. a statement or fact that explains why something is the way it is
The reason Eric is late for work is that he forgot to set his alarm.

assimilate

v. to adopt the ways of a new culture
When the family moves to the US they will assimilate into American culture.

cease

v. to stop doing something or to stop something happening
The rain will cease in the afternoon.

forever

adv. for all future time
Michelle and Tanya want to be best friends forever.

percent

n. an amount that is equal to one one-hundredth of something
Liz needs to get 80 percent on her test to pass the course.

lose

v. to have something that is important or necessary taken from you or destroyed.
The family never thought they’d lose everything to fire.

metabolic

adj. it relates to the chemical
Fish have a very high metabolic rate.

burn

n. to use something as a source of energy
Running is good exercise for people who want to burn fat and lose weight.

olive

n. a small egg-shaped black or green fruit
I prepared a bowl of olives for my guests.

check

v. to ask someone whether something is correct, true, or allowed
Peter wants to check with the teacher to see if he is doing the assignment right.

keep

v. to stay in a particular state
Brian needs to keep working in order to finish his project on time.

oil

n. thick liquid made from plants or some animals
The chef put the oil in the pan and heated it up.

powerful

adj. it has a strong effect
This perfume has a powerful scent.

low

adj. it is smaller than usual in amount
The temperature gets very low in the winter.

summary

n. a short statement that contains the main information about something
Cindy concluded the meeting with a summary of the project.

high

adj. tall; up above other things
The balloon floated high into the air.

known

adj. it is something that people are aware of or have discovered
Bob is known throughout the neighborhood as a burglars.

gain

v. to gradually get more and more of a quality, feeling, etc.
Winning the award will help Steven gain confidence.

liver

n. a large organ in the body that produces bile and cleans blood
The professor showed us what the human liver looks like.

starch

n. a substance that provides your body with energy and is found in foods such as wheat, potatoes, and rice
Pasta is high in starch.

fat

n. an oily solid or liquid substance in food
The fat contained in salmon, avocados, and nuts is healthy.

glucose

n. a natural form of sugar
People with diabetes need to check their glucose levels.

performance

n. how well someone or something functions
Liam’s performance in the race was not his best.

coconut

n. a large brown fruit
A coconut produces a healthy oil.

epilepsy

n. a medical condition that affects the brain and can make someone become unconscious
The doctor diagnosed the patient with epilepsy.

management

n. the act or process of controlling and dealing with something
Practing yoga is good for stress management.

excel

v. a subject or activity means to be very good at it
Jenny excels at playing the piano.

sociology

n. the study of human society, its organizations, and problems
Sociology teaches that people’s problems are a result of their society.

relativity

n. a set of ideas about time and space developed by Albert Einstein
Relativity teaches that light travels at the same speed throughout the universe.

minimum

adj. the smallest amount
What is the minimum temperature in winter in this area?

bachelor

n. an unmarried man
Since he was a bachelor, Jason did his shopping by himself.

analytic

adj. it is related to logic and reasoning
The analytic article criticized the new plan and presented one of its own.

cognitive

adj. it is related to learning and knowing things
After her physical examination, her cognitive skills were tested.

diploma

n. a certificate proving that someone has completed their studies
After four years of college, Mary finally had a diploma.

keen

adj. student could have solved that math problem
Only a keen student could have solved that math problem.

integral

adj. an important part of the whole
She is an integral member of our team.

intellect

n. a person's ability to understand things easily
She was known for her quick and strong intellect as well as her beauty.

psychology

n. the study of how the brain affects our thought and actions
The psychology of seeing is a fascinating subject.

theoretical

adj. based on theory rather than experience
His conclusion was only theoretical and not meant to be publicized.

area

n. a reasonably large place
He was very familiar with the local area.

collision

n. the act of two things hitting into each another
The collision between the two cars created a loud noise.

radioactive

adj. then it lets out, or is related to, radiation
Radioactive states can be very bad for anyone’s health.

competent

adj. they are able to think or act successfully
Competent employees are much better than unknowledgeable ones.

geology

n. the study of the Earth's natural structures and how they change
Because he studied geology, he knew how the mountains were formed.

weak

adj. not strong and healthy
She is still weak after the illness.

job

n. the work you do to earn money
He now has a high-paying job.

administrator

n. a person who controls a business, company, or organization
Everyone in the store did whatever the administrator asked them to do.

bribe

v. to illegally persuade them for a favor with money
The judge was bribed so that she would set the suspect free.

infrastructure

n. a collection of services needed to run a society or business
Power lines are important parts of a city’s infrastructure.

retail

n. the activity of selling goods to the public, often for personal use
Although cheap to make, once a t-shirt reaches retail, it costs ten times as much.

violate

v. a law, rule, or agreement means to break it
I was given a ticket because the policeman said I violated a traffic law.

affluent

adj. wealthy
People in the city are usually more affluent than people in the country.

incentive

n. what makes a person want to do something
The chance of winning a prize was an incentive to get people to play the game.

legitimate

adj. then it is acceptable according to the law
She found a legitimate plan to raise extra funds for her vacation.

rubbish

n. trash or waste
The floor around the garbage can was covered with all kinds of rubbish.

corrupt

adj. they break the law for money or fame
The corrupt policemen didn’t arrest the man because he gave them money.

dispose

v. something means to get rid of it
He disposed of the can by throwing it into the recycle bin.

manipulate

v. to skillfully or unfairly control or affect it
The doctor manipulated the data to make it look like the cure was working.

transaction

n. an act of buying or selling something
Because the clerk was new at the job, the simple transaction took a long time.

automate

v. to have machines or computers do the work
When the bank automated, it started installing ATM machines.

headquarters

n. a building where the bosses of a company work
He took the long route to the headquarters because it was a nice day.

legislate

v. to make laws
Senators have to legislate fairly so most people will enjoy the benefits.

subsidy

n. money given by the government to companies to assist them
The official gave the company a subsidy so it could open two new factories.

audit

v. to inspect financial records from a person or business
The government usually audits companies that report lower than usual incomes.

merchandise

n. goods ready to be purchased or sold
The store added more merchandise because there were more shoppers.

revenue

n. the income made by a company
The new products really increased the business’s monthly revenue.