adj. made by people, often as a copy of something natural Artificial limbs are fake arms and legs.
respond
v. to do or say something as a reaction to something else that has happened
Some electronic artificial hands respond to movements in the muscles.
rotating
adj. moving around a point in the center
Artificial legs have rotating knees that bend and extend.
extend
v. to make something longer
Artificial legs have rotating knees that bend and extend.
stairs
n. a series of steps that go from one level or floor to another
They allow users more exact movements, such as climbing stairs and riding bikes.
control
v. to have power over something
These days, scientists are inventing artificial limbs that are controlled by thoughts.
allow
v. to give permission for someone to do something
These chips allow users to use their brains to move their artificial limbs.
limb
n. an arm or leg
Artificial limbs are fake arms and legs.
fake
adj. not real, but made to look or seem real
Artificial limbs are fake arms and legs.
performance
n. how well a person, team, or machine carries out a task
Over the years, the design and performance of artificial limbs have improved a lot.
ugly
adj. unpleasant to look at
In the past, artificial limbs were heavy and ugly.
offer
v. to provide or supply something
Back then, artificial limbs offered very little convenience for those in need of them.
convenience
n. a quality or situation that makes something easy or more comfortable
Back then, artificial limbs offered very little convenience for those in need of them.
bend
v. to curve or flex something
They didn’t bend or move easily.
natural
adj. not involving anything made or done by people
Compared to these, artificial limbs today are more like natural limbs.
uniform
n. a special kind of clothing worn by members of a group
A team can wear a uniform of any color.
outcome
n. a result
They wanted to know if changing the uniform color would change the outcome of a match.
match
n. a sports competition
They wanted to know if changing the uniform color would change the outcome of a match.
opponent
n. a person or group that you are playing against in a contest
They beat their opponents who wore other colors.
automatically
adv. in a way that always happens without having to try to make it happen
Of course, you cannot simply put on a red shirt and expect that you will automatically win every match.
influence
v. to have an effect on someone or something
There are other things that influence the outcome of a match, too
victory
n. a win
Who knows if it will lead to victory.
color
n. the appearance that something has as a result of reflecting light
A team can wear a uniform of any color.
simply
adv. without any special reason
Some simply choose their favorite color, or they don’t care about the color at all.
favorite
adj. best liked or most enjoyed
Some simply choose their favorite color, or they don’t care about the color at all.
athlete
n. very good at sports or physical exercise
But if you’re an athlete, you should try to wear red whenever possible.
possible
adj. able to be done or achieved
But if you’re an athlete, you should try to wear red whenever possible.
win
v. to achieve first position and/or get a prize in a competition
In fact, athletes who wear red are more likely to win.
increase
v. to become larger and greater in size, number, amount etc.
In other words, wearing a red uniform increases the possibility of winning.
competition
n. a contest in which people try to win by being better or faster than others
The researchers went to some of the largest sports competitions in the world.
silent
adj. without sound
Most people think their home is silent when everyone is sleeping.
health
n. the condition of the body
This is human or machine-made sound that has a bad effect on human health.
annoying
adj. making someone angry or irritating
Everyone already knows how noisy and annoying car horns can be.
horn
n. a device that makes a loud sound
Everyone already knows how noisy and annoying car horns can be.
construction
n. the process of building things
However, planes, construction, or even loud TVs add to the problem.
stress
n. a great worry caused by a difficult situation
It can cause hearing problems and stress.
serious
adj. being important or possibly dangerous
Over time, stress can cause other serious problems in our bodies.
noise
n. a loud or unpleasant sound
But maybe there is a little noise coming from their fridge.
fridge
n. an appliance that keeps food cold
But maybe there is a little noise coming from their fridge.
nearby
adj. not far away
Or maybe there is the sound of cars from a nearby road.
road
n. a route for traveling between places by vehicle
Or maybe there is the sound of cars from a nearby road.
realize
v. to learn; to understand
You may not realize it, but noise is present everywhere.
pollution
n. damage caused to water, air, etc.
And it is even a form of pollution.
common
adj. having similarities in a lot of places or for a lot of people
But one of the most common forms of pollution is noise pollution.
effect
n. an outcome of an action
This is human or machine-made sound that has a bad effect on human health.
vital
adj. needed to stay alive or for something to be done
The heart is one of the five vital organs in the human body.
vessel
n. a tube-like part of the body that carries blood
Blood is carried through the body in tubes called vessels.
artery
n. one of the thick tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are arteries.
vein
n. a tube that carries blood to the heart from the other parts of the body
Vessels that carry blood back to the heart are veins.
vitamin
n. a natural thing in food that keeps your body healthy
Blood carries many important things, such as vitamins and oxygen, throughout the body.
oxygen
n. large part of the air on earth and is needed to keep most living
Blood carries many important things, such as vitamins and oxygen, throughout the body.
wrap
v. to encircle something
If your blood vessels were connected end to end, they would wrap around the Earth twice.
organ
n. a part of the body
The heart is one of the five vital organs in the human body.
necessary
adj. needed in order to achieve a particular result
These organs are necessary for humans to stay alive.
understand
v. to know the meaning of something that someone says
So, it’s important to understand how the heart functions.
function
v. to operate for a purpose
So, it’s important to understand how the heart functions.
chamber
n. a closed space inside something
Inside the heart, there are four parts called chambers.
empty
v. to remove all of something from something else
Then, the heart empties the chambers.
pump
v. to make liquid or gas flow
It pumps blood from the chambers throughout the body.
carry
v. to move it from one place to another
Blood is carried through the body in tubes called vessels.
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