4000 Essential English Words 2e 4 (2nd Edition) 영영 Unit 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15

target

v. to aim an attack at someone or something
Scientists are looking for new drugs to target cancer cells.

agenda

n. a plan or goal that guides someone's behavior
The man is pushing his questionable agenda on his colleagues.

keyboard

n. buttons marked with letters and numbers that are pressed to put information into a computer
Paul spilled coffee all over his keyboard.

surge

n. a sudden, large increase in something
All at once, there was a surge of runners at the finish line.

coin

v. to create a new word or phrase
The coach coined the phrase, “There is no ‘I’ in team.”

depression

n. a medical condition that makes a person very unhappy
Ron decided to get help for his depression.

digital

adj. it is characterized by computer technology
Students prefer to take notes on their laptops and other digital devices.

platform

n. something that allows someone to tell a large number of people about an idea, product, etc.
The band uses their music as a platform to express their political beliefs.

survey

n. a set of questions
I filled out a survey about my shopping experience at the department store.

addictive

adj. it is hard to stop doing
I think this game is very addictive.

presence

n. when someone or something is present in a particular place
The researcher discovered the presence of bacteria in the water sample.

importance

n. the quality or state of being important, valuable, or significant
The professor lectured the students on the importance of communication strategies.

poor

adj. it is not as good as it could or should be
The condition of the sidewalk is very poor.

validate

v. to make someone feel that his or her ideas and feelings are respected
Winning first prize will validate all of Tony’s hard work.

correlate

v. to have a close connection to something
Scientists believe that brain size might correlate with intelligence.

accountable

adj. he or she is responsible for the effects of his or her actions
Political leaders are accountable to the people they represent.

loneliness

n. the unhappiness that is felt by someone if they do not have any friends
Many people join social clubs to escape loneliness.

subject

v. to force them to do or experience it
The officers subjected everyone to a careful search before they left the plane.

media

n. the different ways of entertaining and giving information to the public
Many people like to express their opinions online using social media.

trend

n. a general tendency.
Lucy likes to think she started this fashion trend.

grind

v. to break something into small pieces or powder
We grind wheat to make flour.

object

v. to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something
The students object to raising the tuition.

substance

n. a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas
Arsenic is a poisonous substance.

transport

n. the system or method of carrying passengers or goods
Cargo ships are used for the transport of manufactured goods.

powder

n. a dry substance in the form of very small grains
Tumeric is a yellow powder used in cooking.

heal

n. to become healthy or well again
This ointment will help heal your wounds.

integrate

n. to make something a part of another larger thing
More women are being integrated into the military.

pollutant

n. a substance that makes the air or water not safe for use
A pollutant in the water killed this fish.

ton

n. a unit for measuring weight equal to 2000 pounds or 907.2 kilograms
This dump truck can carry up to 25 tons.

prompt

n. to cause someone to do something
The tight deadline will prompt the employee to work very hard.

moreover

adv. used to introduce information that adds to or supports what has previously been said.
Marianne likes to walk to work to save money; moreover, it is good exercise.

reject

v. to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something
I’m afraid the teacher will reject my new idea.

substantially

adv. it changes a lot
The price of the apartment went up substantially.

dust

n. dry particles of earth or sand.
Some people wear medical face masks to avoid breathing in fine dust and germs.

emit

v. to send out gas, heat, light, sound, etc.
This iron emits steam.

carbon dioxide

n. a gas made from one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms
There is carbon dioxide in the smoke from coal power plants.

carbon

n. a chemical element
Carbon is found in coal.

enable

n. to make it possible for something to happen.
Studying hard will enable the girl to get a good job.

skeptic

n. a person who disagrees with particular claims that are generally thought to be true
Kevin is a skeptic because he never believes anyone or anything.

leading

adj. it is the most advanced or best
Teresa is the leading expert on brain surgery for dogs.

flee

v. to leave somewhere very quickly in order to escape from danger
When a predator approaches a deer, the deer will flee.

raid

v. to attack a place in a short time
The soldiers are looking for the people who continue to raid the jungle villages.

detain

v. to prevent someone from leaving a place
The police had to detain the thief for shoplifting.

network

n. a group of people or organizations that are in some way connected to each other
Lesley is part of a volunteer network that plants trees in the city.

patrol

v. a group of people or vehicles that go through an area to make sure that it is free of trouble or danger
The military patrol is responsible for keeping the area safe.

tunnel

n. an underground passage
The tunnel will lead you to the next city.

align

v. to support a political group, country, or person that you agree with
The crowd seemed to align themselves with the protestors.

betray

n. to be disloyal to someone who trusts you
The four friends would never betray each other’s trust.

passage

n. a narrow space that people can move through
Follow the passage down the stairs.

cooperate

n. to work with someone to achieve something that you both want
The members of the team agreed to cooperate in order to get the project done.

exceptional

adj. outstanding
Holly is an exceptional student.

rail

n. a system of tracks on which trains travel
I prefer traveling by rail because it’s more convenient than driving through traffic.

barn

n. a large farm building
My grandparents keep hay in their red barn.

authority

n. someone who has the power
The local police department is the authority whenever large crowds gather.

pastor

n. a minister in charge of a parish or church.
The pastor speaks to the members of the church.

Catholic

adj. person is one that is connected with the Roman Catholic Church
Rosanne is Catholic, so she goes to church every Sunday.

Bible

n. the book of sacred writing in the Christian religion
I read the Bible every night before I go to sleep.

exit

n. a way to get out of a place
The green sign shows where the exit is located.

parish

n. the area for which a priest in some Christian churches is responsible
Greg’s parish has grown over the past year.

outrage

v. to make someone feel very angry
He was outraged when his proposal was turned down.

endorse

n. to express formal support
The committee will endorse their leader for the upcoming election.

equal

adj. the same in size, number, amount, or value as something else
The apple and orange are equal in weight.

guidance

n. help and advice that is given to someone about their work, education, or personal life
Ms. Smith provided valuable guidance to all her students.

mere

adj. how small or unimportant something or someone is
Scott lost the race by a mere two seconds.

power

n. the ability to influence people
The coach has the power to keep the players from playing if they don’t show up to practice.

field

n. a subject that people study
Jane works in the healthcare field.

tool

n. a piece of equipment or a skill that is useful for doing your job
Presentation skills are an important tool for communication.

inspire

n. to encourage someone
Jim’s father likes to inspire his son by encouraging him to follow his dream.

workplace

n. the room or building where you work
Diversity is important in the workplace.

inclusion

n. the act of including someone or something in a larger group or set
The school promotes the inclusion of parents in their students’ education.

education

n. the process of teaching and learning, usually at a school, college, or university
These students are receiving their education at a private school.

soar

v. to increase quickly to a high level
The temperature today will soar to a high of 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

face

v. to deal with something in a direct way.
Justin will face many challenges at work.

vocal

adj. he or she expresses a strong opinion publicly
Shawn gets vocal when someone disagrees with his opinions.

foster

v. to help a skill, feeling, or idea develop over a period of time
The afterschool program is designed to foster a sense of community at school.

encouragement

n. something that makes someone more determined, hopeful, or confident
The mother gives constant encouragement to her son.

responsibility

n. a task or duty
Parents have the responsibility to raise their children with love.

comfortable

adj. being physically relaxed and at ease
She is comfortable on her new sofa.

hold

v. to have a particular degree
Damian will soon hold a degree in business administration.

position

n. a rank or role
Kyle is interviewing for a marketing position.

realistic

adj. it is shown as it is in real life
Dorothy is painting realistic images of fish.

rule

n. an official instruction that says how things must be done or what is allowed.
Wearing a helmet while riding a bicyle is a rule in some cities.

academic

adj. it relates to schools and education
Alex received an award for his academic achievements.

cinema

n. a building in which films are shown
My sister enjoys watching movies at the cinema.

array

n. a large group or number of things
The toy cars are available in an array of colors.

class

n. the way people in society are divided into different social and economic groups.
This upper-class family travels on a private jet.

cafe

n. a small restaurant where you can buy drinks and simple meals
Monica works part-time at a cafe.

canvas

n. a thick piece of cloth
The artist paints bright colors on a canvas.

distinctive

adj. special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize
Olives have a distinctive flavor.

practice

n. something that is done often or regularly
Samuel has made it a practice to read the newspaper every morning.

sunlight

n. the natural light that comes from the sun.
The sunlight shines through the trees.

blur

v. to make something unclear
The photographer can blur the bright lights into the background.

traditional

adj. it is based on old-fashioned ideas
I prefer traditional furniture.

stroke

n. a single movement of a pen
The artist began with a yellow stroke on his painting.

key

adj. it is extremely important.
Marco is a key player on the country’s national team.

reflection

n. an image that is seen in a mirror or other shiny surface.
The man stared at his reflection in the mirror.

acceptance

n. when people agree that an idea, statement, explanation, etc.
Mr. Song celebrated his acceptance into the political party.

movement

n. a series of organized activities
Booker T. Washington was a member of the civil rights movement.

unlike

prep. completely different from a particular person or thing
Unlike his older brother, Jim is short.

width

n. the distance from one side of something to the other side
The man is measuring the width of the box.

nation

n. a large area of land that is controlled by its own government.
India is a nation that is developing rapidly.

originally

adv. when something first happened or began
This building was originally a bank.

wound

v. to injure someone or something by cutting or breaking the skin
The boy knew he might wound his knees if he didn’t wear pads on them.

pray

n. to speak to God in order to ask for help or to give thanks.
The girl likes to pray for world peace.

sacrifice

v. a formal custom that people do regularly
Karen has had to sacrifice a lot for her children.

mark

v. to celebrate an important event
My grandparents are having a party to mark their 50th anniversary.

landing

n. when you return to the ground or another surface after a flight or a boat ride
The man is in charge of leading the landing in the warzone.

thus

adv. as a result of something that was just mentioned
Victor wants to lose weight; thus, he’ll go on a diet and start exercising.

mobilize

v. to prepare an army to fight in a war
Thousands of soldiers were ready to mobilize for the fight.

victory

n. a situation in which you win a battle, game, election, or dispute
The man was thrilled with his victory.

determination

n. what you have when you try to do something even when it is difficult
Chris is the youngest competitor, but he has the most determination.

joint

adj. it is done by or involves two or more people or groups
Mike and Joanna are joint owners of a coffee shop.

outbreak

n. a sudden start
The scientists prepared for an outbreak of a dangerous virus.

anthem

n. a formal or religious song
Everyone sings the national anthem before the baseball game starts.

wild

adv. without control
Dandelions grow wild in the cracks of the streets.

prisoner

n. someone who is taken by force and kept somewhere
He has been a prisoner for many years.

beyond

prep. used to say that one thing is more than another
The job is beyond the man’s ability.

fighting

n. physical conflict between people or groups in a war, in the street, etc.
Heavy fighting continued for days.

silence

n. the complete absence of sound or noise
I can only sleep in complete silence.

tribute

n. something that you say, do, or give in order to express respect for someone
In some countries, people wear poppies as a tribute to veterans.

endangered

adj. very rare
The whooping crane is an endangered species.

genocide

n. the deliberate murder of a whole group or race of people
As a result of the genocide, many children have been orphaned.

danger

n. the possibility that someone or something will be harmed, destroyed, or killed
Smoking cigarettes is a danger to health.

extinction

n. when a particular animal, plant, type of person, custom, skill, etc. stops existing
The extinction of the dodo bird occurred in the 1600s.

urban

adj. it is related to towns and cities
It is common to see tall buildings in urban areas.

case

n. an example of a particular situation
A deposit of $1,000 is required, but in this case, we will accept half.

native

adj. it refers to the place someone was born and raised
Carlos is a hero in his native country of Brazil.

reference

n. the act of referring to something or someone
My supervisor made a reference to the data I’d collected.

attempt

n. an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult
This is Ben’s second attempt to climb Mt. Everest.

hit

v. to affect someone or something in a harmful or dangerous way
The ship was hit by a violent storm.

generally

adv. in most cases
The suburbs are generally viewed as a good place to raise children.

devastating

adj. it causes great harm
The tsunami had devastating effects on the seaside village.

diversity

n. the quality or state of having many different forms, types, ideas, etc.
My company puts an emphasis on the importance on having cultural diversity.

earthquake

n. a sudden shaking of a part of the Earth's surface that often causes a lot of damage
The earthquake caused the road to crack in multiple places.

reason

n. a statement or fact that explains why something is the way it is
The reason Eric is late for work is that he forgot to set his alarm.

assimilate

v. to adopt the ways of a new culture
When the family moves to the US they will assimilate into American culture.

cease

v. to stop doing something or to stop something happening
The rain will cease in the afternoon.

forever

adv. for all future time
Michelle and Tanya want to be best friends forever.

percent

n. an amount that is equal to one one-hundredth of something
Liz needs to get 80 percent on her test to pass the course.

lose

v. to have something that is important or necessary taken from you or destroyed.
The family never thought they’d lose everything to fire.

metabolic

adj. it relates to the chemical
Fish have a very high metabolic rate.

burn

n. to use something as a source of energy
Running is good exercise for people who want to burn fat and lose weight.

olive

n. a small egg-shaped black or green fruit
I prepared a bowl of olives for my guests.

check

v. to ask someone whether something is correct, true, or allowed
Peter wants to check with the teacher to see if he is doing the assignment right.

keep

v. to stay in a particular state
Brian needs to keep working in order to finish his project on time.

oil

n. thick liquid made from plants or some animals
The chef put the oil in the pan and heated it up.

powerful

adj. it has a strong effect
This perfume has a powerful scent.

low

adj. it is smaller than usual in amount
The temperature gets very low in the winter.

summary

n. a short statement that contains the main information about something
Cindy concluded the meeting with a summary of the project.

high

adj. tall; up above other things
The balloon floated high into the air.

known

adj. it is something that people are aware of or have discovered
Bob is known throughout the neighborhood as a burglars.

gain

v. to gradually get more and more of a quality, feeling, etc.
Winning the award will help Steven gain confidence.

liver

n. a large organ in the body that produces bile and cleans blood
The professor showed us what the human liver looks like.

starch

n. a substance that provides your body with energy and is found in foods such as wheat, potatoes, and rice
Pasta is high in starch.

fat

n. an oily solid or liquid substance in food
The fat contained in salmon, avocados, and nuts is healthy.

glucose

n. a natural form of sugar
People with diabetes need to check their glucose levels.

performance

n. how well someone or something functions
Liam’s performance in the race was not his best.

coconut

n. a large brown fruit
A coconut produces a healthy oil.

epilepsy

n. a medical condition that affects the brain and can make someone become unconscious
The doctor diagnosed the patient with epilepsy.

management

n. the act or process of controlling and dealing with something
Practing yoga is good for stress management.

excel

v. a subject or activity means to be very good at it
Jenny excels at playing the piano.

sociology

n. the study of human society, its organizations, and problems
Sociology teaches that people’s problems are a result of their society.

relativity

n. a set of ideas about time and space developed by Albert Einstein
Relativity teaches that light travels at the same speed throughout the universe.

minimum

adj. the smallest amount
What is the minimum temperature in winter in this area?

bachelor

n. an unmarried man
Since he was a bachelor, Jason did his shopping by himself.

analytic

adj. it is related to logic and reasoning
The analytic article criticized the new plan and presented one of its own.

cognitive

adj. it is related to learning and knowing things
After her physical examination, her cognitive skills were tested.

diploma

n. a certificate proving that someone has completed their studies
After four years of college, Mary finally had a diploma.

keen

adj. student could have solved that math problem
Only a keen student could have solved that math problem.

integral

adj. an important part of the whole
She is an integral member of our team.

intellect

n. a person's ability to understand things easily
She was known for her quick and strong intellect as well as her beauty.

psychology

n. the study of how the brain affects our thought and actions
The psychology of seeing is a fascinating subject.

theoretical

adj. based on theory rather than experience
His conclusion was only theoretical and not meant to be publicized.

area

n. a reasonably large place
He was very familiar with the local area.

collision

n. the act of two things hitting into each another
The collision between the two cars created a loud noise.

radioactive

adj. then it lets out, or is related to, radiation
Radioactive states can be very bad for anyone’s health.

competent

adj. they are able to think or act successfully
Competent employees are much better than unknowledgeable ones.

geology

n. the study of the Earth's natural structures and how they change
Because he studied geology, he knew how the mountains were formed.

weak

adj. not strong and healthy
She is still weak after the illness.

job

n. the work you do to earn money
He now has a high-paying job.

administrator

n. a person who controls a business, company, or organization
Everyone in the store did whatever the administrator asked them to do.

bribe

v. to illegally persuade them for a favor with money
The judge was bribed so that she would set the suspect free.

infrastructure

n. a collection of services needed to run a society or business
Power lines are important parts of a city’s infrastructure.

retail

n. the activity of selling goods to the public, often for personal use
Although cheap to make, once a t-shirt reaches retail, it costs ten times as much.

violate

v. a law, rule, or agreement means to break it
I was given a ticket because the policeman said I violated a traffic law.

affluent

adj. wealthy
People in the city are usually more affluent than people in the country.

incentive

n. what makes a person want to do something
The chance of winning a prize was an incentive to get people to play the game.

legitimate

adj. then it is acceptable according to the law
She found a legitimate plan to raise extra funds for her vacation.

rubbish

n. trash or waste
The floor around the garbage can was covered with all kinds of rubbish.

corrupt

adj. they break the law for money or fame
The corrupt policemen didn’t arrest the man because he gave them money.

dispose

v. something means to get rid of it
He disposed of the can by throwing it into the recycle bin.

manipulate

v. to skillfully or unfairly control or affect it
The doctor manipulated the data to make it look like the cure was working.

transaction

n. an act of buying or selling something
Because the clerk was new at the job, the simple transaction took a long time.

automate

v. to have machines or computers do the work
When the bank automated, it started installing ATM machines.

headquarters

n. a building where the bosses of a company work
He took the long route to the headquarters because it was a nice day.

legislate

v. to make laws
Senators have to legislate fairly so most people will enjoy the benefits.

subsidy

n. money given by the government to companies to assist them
The official gave the company a subsidy so it could open two new factories.

audit

v. to inspect financial records from a person or business
The government usually audits companies that report lower than usual incomes.

merchandise

n. goods ready to be purchased or sold
The store added more merchandise because there were more shoppers.

revenue

n. the income made by a company
The new products really increased the business’s monthly revenue.

precise

adj. exact and careful about their work
The builder was very precise about where he placed the nails.

publicity

n. public attention given to someone or something by the media
She received a lot of publicity after her performance in the film.

essence

n. its important qualities or basic characteristics
The essence of the argument was that both sides felt they had lost money.

subsequent

adj. then it comes after something else in time
The flood and the subsequent rescue of those caught in the flood were on TV.

commence

v. to begin it
His speech commenced with a “thank you” to all who had helped him succeed.

fabulous

adj. extremely good
This strawberry is the best I’ve ever had. It’s fabulous.

molecule

n. the smallest basic unit that makes up a physical substance
A tiny drop of water is made up of many billions of molecules of water.

terminal

adj. then it causes or results in death
Since his condition was not terminal, he felt a great sense of relief.

haste

n. speed in movement or action
In order to get to the meeting in time, he proceeded with haste.

astonish

v. to greatly surprise them
The number of people that came to her party astonished her.

extract

v. to remove it
The dentist extracted the woman’s damaged tooth and put in a fake one.

assess

v. to judge the structure, purpose, or quality of it
She assessed the condition of the toy car before buying it.

impulse

n. a sudden thoughtless urge to do something
Because of the scary noise, she had an impulse to run somewhere and hide.

latter

adj. describes something last in a series or the second choice of two things
In the latter minutes of the game, the visitors scored the winning goal.

ongoing

adj. then it is still happening or still growing
The development of plants is ongoing because it takes time for them to mature.

significance

n. the quality that makes it important
The significance of the snowy weather was that we didn’t have to go to school.

inhibit

v. you stop it from developing
Poor reading skills will inhibit learning in a wide range of subject areas.

proximity

n. closeness in time, space, or relationships
All the trees in the proximity of the beach had been cut down.

remedy

n. a cure for a disease, argument, or problem
A good remedy for a headache is an aspirin and a glass of water.

synthetic

adj. then it is made to be like something natural
Clothing made out of synthetic fabrics is very effective at keeping people warm.

spontaneous

adj. not planned
My wife made a spontaneous decision to buy a new sofa while I was at work.

gorgeous

adj. very pleasing and attractive
The girl picked out a gorgeous dress to wear to the dance.

narrate

v. to write about it or read it aloud
This story was written by John, but Aaron is narrating it to the crowd.

partiality

n. a tendency to prefer one thing to another
She has a partiality for walking to school instead of driving.

acute

adj. very severe and intense
When she fell out of the tree, the girl felt an acute pain in her arm.

overall

adv. the whole thing is considered
Overall, the party was a huge success.

biography

n. an account of someone's life that is written by someone else
We read a biography about Charles Darwin in science class.

legacy

n. an effect that exists because of a person or thing in the past
The legacy of the ancient Egyptians can be seen in their monuments.

classical

adj. more formal and serious than popular music
Beethoven is a composer of classical music.

clap

n. to hit one's hands together to express pleasure or get attention
After the speech, everyone in the crowd clapped their hands for the speaker.

dominance

n. a person is their state of being more powerful than others
Large gorillas hit their chests to express their dominance over others.

compel

v. to force them to do it
Traffic signs compel drivers to drive safely.

multiple

adj. many of them
When the stunt went wrong, the man suffered multiple injuries.

aggression

n. behavior that is mean or violent to others
The problem was only made worse by Mark’s aggression.

boost

v. to increase or improve it
Lowering prices boosts customers’ interest in shopping.

notorious

adj. it is well known because of something bad
This area of town is notorious for gang activity.

creation

n. something original that is made
We saw the creation of a new political party.

inevitable

adj. certain to happen or cannot be avoided.
It is inevitable that the days will get longer in the summer.

virtue

n. a good quality or way of behaving
My best virtue is forgiveness.

masterpiece

n. a very good painting, novel, movie, or other work of art
The Arc de Triomphe is considered a masterpiece in the world of architecture.

credit

n. money available for a client to borrow
His bank account is in credit, so he has money he can spend.

spatial

adj. it relates to the position and size of things
He was asked where the books were located to test his spatial awareness.

asset

n. a skill or quality that is useful or valuable
The coach realized the boy’s speed was an asset to the team.

assignment

n. task that is given to you to do
He was given a difficult assignment but he felt he could succeed in doing it.

disprove

n. to show that it is not true
The scientist disproved the theory that the sun moved around the Earth.

premise

n. an idea on which something is based
The premise of the movie that Bobbi and I watched was unrealistic.

aspect

n. one part or feature of something.
I thought about the different aspects of owning two dogs.

coordinate

n. to make different parts work together
Each skating team had to coordinate their movements for the show.

informative

adj. it provides a lot of information
The travel guide had a lot of informative facts about the region.

tie

v. two things together, you fasten them with rope, string, etc.
The dog is used to being tied up.

awareness

n. knowledge or perception
She has little awareness of what needs to be done.

bud

n. a part of a plant that turns into a flower or a leaf
Two weeks after planting the seed, a small bud appeared.

humanitarian

adj. it is connected to helping people's lives
After the flood, several humanitarian organizations offered help.

optic

adj. When something is optic, it relates to the eyes or light.
Her blindness was caused by a problem with her optic nerve.

undertake

v. to take on the responsibility of doing it
We undertook to make sure everybody was well informed of current progress.

hypothesis

n. an idea about something that has not been proved yet.
The teacher did an experiment to prove whether his hypothesis was right.

wax

n. a substance that is slightly shiny and melts when heated
The candles are made of wax.

rack

n. an object with shelves that holds things
He stored his tools on a rack.

Renaissance

n. a period between the 14th and 17th centuries
Leonardo da Vinci was a popular artist of the Renaissance.

specify

n. to describe something clearly
The poster didn’t specify where the concert was taking place.

archeological

adj. it relates to archeology
They found archeological evidence of an ancient species of man.

parachute

n. a device that helps people and things fall to the ground safely.
They used parachutes dropped from airplanes to send supplies to the civilians.

cite

v. to mention it as an example or as proof of something
She cited six reasons that the school needed to build new classrooms.

hydrogen

n. a gas that has no taste, color, or smell
Airships used to be filled with hydrogen, but it exploded easily.

estate

n. a large area of land owned by a family or organization
He lived on his father’s estate in the country.

archeology

n. the study of ancient people through their artifacts
He studied archeology to learn more about ancient Egyptian culture.

correspond

n. to match or to be similar to something
The boy’s story didn’t correspond with his mother’s version.

refine

n. to make it better by making changes
The principal refined his method of controlling students over the years.

chaotic

adj. crazy, confused, and hectic
The first day of school can be chaotic for a new student.

budget

n. the amount of money available to spend on something
His budget for food was very tight.

prehistoric

adj. from a time before written history
The scientists found prehistoric pots used by the people in the area.

restrict

v. to limit it and prevent it from getting bigger
The club restricted the amount of members.

outlook

n. a person's opinion or way of thinking about something
He changed his outlook about rats after he read a book about them.

addict

n. a person who cannot stop doing something
She was a coffee addict. She had more than three cups each day.

proponent

n. a person who supports an idea or a plan
He was a proponent of using environmentally-friendly products.

brainstorm

v. to have a lot of ideas about a certain topic
The students met after school to brainstorm ideas for their assignments.

fraud

n. the crime of gaining money by lying or by tricking people
Experts say that credit card fraud increases around the holidays.

team

n. a group of people who work closely together
The All Blacks are my favorite sports team.

courtyard

n. an outdoor area that is surrounded by the walls of a building
During the summer, the courtyard is a nice place to have lunch.

integrity

n. honesty and good morals
The principal had a lot of integrity.

aggregate

adj. it is made up of smaller amounts added together
The company totaled its aggregate sales for the entire year.

circuit

n. a piece of an electronic device that allows electricity to flow
Be very careful not to shock yourself when fixing an electrical circuit.

equivalent

n. an amount or value that is the same as another amount or value
I worked the equivalent of sixty hours this week.

magnet

n. a piece of iron or other material
I used a magnet to pick up the nails that were scattered on the floor.

viral

adj. it is a disease or infection that is caused by a virus
The girl was in bed for a week when she had a viral infection.

spiral

n. a shape which winds round and round as if around a cylinder
A strand of DNA looks like two interlocking spirals.

intimate

adj. the two things are very closely connected
I only tell my secrets to my most intimate friends.

prevalent

adj. common
Growing a beard is more prevalent in some countries than in others.

compress

v. to press or squeeze it so that it takes up less space
I compressed my clothes to fit into a single suitcase.

ratio

n. a relationship between two things expressed in numbers or amounts
The boy-to-girl ratio is one to three.

quantum

n. it relates to the behavior of atomic particles
The physics student studied quantum mechanics.

microchip

n. a small device in a computer that holds information
I can put more data on my computer if I buy a more powerful microchip.

database

n. a collection of data
The company has a database of all the names and accounts of their customers.

input

n. information that is put into a computer
Type the input into the computer program.

complement

v. to make them better
The wool scarf complemented her lovely eyes.

phase

n. a stage in a process or the gradual development of something
The first phase in the recycling project involves finding volunteers to help out.

pinch

n. to take a piece of skin between one's fingers and squeeze
I pinched my nose so I couldn’t smell the odor from the garbage.

metabolism

n. the way chemical processes in their body use energy
If you exercise every day, your metabolism speeds up.

antibiotic

n. a medical drug used to kill bacteria and treat infections
The doctor gave me a shot of an antibiotic when I got the flu.

immune

adj. they cannot be affected by it
Children usually get shots to make them immune to certain diseases.