Dear Readers,
Thank you for your continued interest in our magazine’s column A Better Way to Live. Your support has allowed the column to grow steadily, gaining widespread recognition. We appreciate the encouragement you have shown throughout its run. However, we would like to share an important update. Due to the writer’s recent health problems, the column will take a one­month break. This time has been set aside to allow the writer to recover. We ask for your understanding during this pause. The column will return next month with renewed energy and fresh perspectives.

① 칼럼의  휴재를  공지하려고
② 잡지의  정기  구독  혜택을  안내하려고
③ 잡지에  대한  독자  의견을  조사하려고
④ 건강  칼럼의  신설을  홍보하려고
⑤ 칼럼  작가를  모집하려고

Having been guided to a small desk surrounded by dividers, I sat. It was my first day. Everyone in the office seemed busy and no one even looked at me. It felt as if no one knew I was there. I wanted to ask someone a question, but there wasn’t anyone I could possibly talk to. I felt invisible. After lunch, I returned to my desk and found a bouquet of flowers on my desk. Then, a coworker at the desk next to mine came over. She said she couldn’t greet me earlier because of an urgent issue that morning. She added that she was excited to work with me. She introduced me to the rest of the team, and I received warm greetings from everyone. Her kindness made me feel truly accepted.

① isolated  →  welcomed
② joyful  →  embarrassed
③ thrilled  →  disappointed
④ anxious  →  indifferent
⑤ relieved  →  sorrowful

Some argue that if science is embedded in culture and bound up with art and philosophy, if it is a human activity, then this undermines science’s claims to be genuine knowledge. At best, science is no better than religion, just another practice with its own subjective methodology. But why say this? Just the opposite is true. In order to hit the target with my bow and arrow, I need to do something, to take aim and concentrate. The fact that I am a being with a body, embedded in a culturally rich situation, is no obstacle to my sometimes succeeding. In fact, it is that embedding that supplies me not only with the physical means — the bow and the arrow, and the training — but also with the motivation to hit the target in the first place. Science and perception too are similarly human activities that aim at secure knowledge of the world.

* embed: 파묻다

① 과학이  인간의  활동이라는  점을  지식  추구의  기반으로  봐야  한다.
② 과학적  진리에  도달하려면  인간  활동의  한계를  극복해야  한다.
③ 지식  탐구를  위해서는  과학적  사실  그  자체에  집중해야  한다.
④ 객관적  연구를  위해  연구자의  개인적  가치관을  배제해야  한다.
⑤ 인간  행위를  합리화하려는  목적으로  과학을  이용하지  말아야  한다.

A brilliant musician can in fact be an innovator without strictly speaking being an inventor. In such cases, those who expect “great discoveries” will be disappointed. Let there be no doubt: the eager need for novelty, so characteristic of the escalating modernist auction, involves the idea that a musical act is a thing, in which case, music is no more than technique, technique alone. And just as technique is the consequence of an indefinite process of perfection — with each automobile or kitchen appliance show introducing what is new and improved in comparison to last year’s — so never-­ending progress shall be the law of music. Farther, faster, more powerful! In this arms race, each new music, breaking its predecessor’s records, offers itself as the last thing in modernity; and each musician, forcing predecessors into the category of the unfashionable and outmoded, claims the patent on the invention. In an era where pastiches of “scientific investigation” have become quasi-­universal, musicians owe it to themselves to become “researchers” just like everyone else.

* pastiche: 모방작 ** quasi­universal: 준(準)보편적인

① reproduce  the  signature  style  of  master  composers  faithfully
② admit  that  the  quality  of  artistic  output  is  not  subject  to  temporal  factors
③ embrace  the  prevailing  focus  on  technically  demonstrable  novelty  and  formal  progress
④ question  the  impact  that  music  has  on  maintaining  aesthetic  standards  and  cultural  identities
⑤ distinguish  the  fundamental  independence  musicians  have  on  their  craft  from  the  principles  of  science

We often express problems interrogatively. Instead of commanding you to find my keys, I might ask you where they are. But “Where are my keys?” is a problem hiding in question clothing. To see this, consider some possible answers. “Not on the surface of the sun” truthfully gives the location of my keys, as does, “Wherever your keys are.” Nonetheless, these are bad answers, and they are bad precisely because they do not help me achieve the goal — leaving the house, opening a locked door — to which keylessness constituted an obstacle. Consider the reply “They are in your room.” This is a good reply if you have a small, tidy room, but if your room is large and messy, you might need the location more clearly specified. Whether or not it is a good reply is a function of whether or not it solves the problem. Indeed, “Here, take mine” could be a good reply to “Where are my keys?” if what is needed is to leave the house quickly. A good reply doesn’t need to offer an answer to the question, “Where are my keys?” as long as it resolves the problem of not being able to leave the house.

* interrogatively: 의문문의 형태로

① 의문문의  형태로  요청할  경우  의미  전달이  약해질  수  있다.
② 타인의  요구에  대하여  진심으로  공감하는  자세가  필요하다.
③ 공신력  있는  자료에  근거한  답변이  더  신뢰를  얻는다.
④ 정확한  의도  전달에는  간결한  형태의  질문이  효과적이다.
⑤ 질문이  내포한  문제를  해결할  수  있는  답변이  좋은  답이다.

Young employees agree that AI has more positive impact with the dynamics of the workforce, though there are major concerns on job loss and being left behind. While AI has the potential to automate certain jobs, it is also giving rise to new career opportunities and demands. The increasing application of AI technology has led to a sudden increase in the need for professionals who can effectively manage and get the most out of AI systems. Moreover, soft skills such as innovative thinking, problem­-solving abilities, and the capability for interdisciplinary collaboration are gaining greater recognition. In the age of AI, continuous learning has become an essential quality for professionals in the workplace. The ever-­evolving technological landscape necessitates employees to consistently update their skills, acquire new knowledge, and adapt to the dynamic changes in the work environment. Only reskilling and adaptability can help resolve the workforce of the future. Implanting a culture of ongoing learning by fostering a workplace culture that encourages continuous learning and skill development should be a main priority for each organization.

① need  for  ongoing  learning  at  the  workplace  in  the  age  of  AI
② rise  of  ethical  concerns  regarding  AI-­driven  job  automation
③ significance  of  soft  skills  in  resolving  workplace  conflicts
④ risk  of  relying  on  AI  as  a  tool  for  retraining  employees
⑤ limitation  of  adopting  AI  systems  in  workforce  planning

Something too domesticated isn’t actually more accessible or approachable, it evaporates altogether — we just take it for granted until art restores its visibility. And perhaps translation is an art especially well suited for this task: while a great work of literature accumulates imitations and clichés and a body of scholarship and analysis and study guides that may well bury it, translations of that work free it from its stodgy fame and make the stone stony again, precisely by putting it in another language. A bad text is one that, in Berman’s terms, lacks “native strangeness” — and when you translate it, nothing happens. The translation of a true work of art is significant because it reinforces and enhances qualities already inherent in it: “translation is not a makeshift, but the mode of existence by which a work reaches us as étrange” (translated by Heyvaert as “foreign,” but I’m not sure about that). As Wilson put it, translation makes the work “seem more strange, and newly strange.”

* cliché: 상투적인 표현 ** stodgy: 따분한

① Translation’s  True  Calling:  Restoring  Vitality  of  the  Unfamiliar
② Is  Refining  the  Original  Tone  Always  Better  for  Accessibility?
③ How  Literary  Guides  Deprive  Readers  of  Art’s  True  Rawness
④ The  Role  of  Translation  in  Distributing  Regional  Literature
⑤ Overcoming  Native  Strangeness  for  Successful  Translation

The graph above shows the reasons for using social networks by generation, based on a survey of U.S. citizens, conducted in July 2019. ① For using social networks to share pictures and updates, the percentage of Gen X was 50%, which was the highest among the three generations. ② When it comes to using social networks to get inspired, the percentage of Gen Z was more than twice the percentage of Gen X, with Gen X showing the lowest figure among the three generations. ③ Regarding the category of using social networks to get news conveniently, the percentage of all three generations was over 20%. ④ For using social networks to follow celebrities, the percentage of Millennials was higher than that of Gen X, reporting exactly twice the percentage of Gen X. ⑤ The percentage of Millennials using social networks to expand their professional network was 18%, which was the highest among the three generations.

Douglass Houghton was an American geologist and physician born in New York in 1809. He enrolled in the Rensselaer Scientific School, where he earned a degree in 1829. Amos Eaton, a former teacher of Houghton, offered a position as an assistant professor for chemistry and natural history to Houghton in 1830. That same year, he was recommended by Eaton to travel to Detroit, where soon he became a popular science lecturer. While pursuing his academic career, Houghton also studied medicine and earned his license in 1831. His career reached a major turning point in 1837, when he was appointed Michigan’s first State Geologist. In 1842, Houghton was elected as Mayor of Detroit, a position he was at first reluctant to accept. Upon hearing the advice of friends, he accepted the mayor’s position and served two terms. His contributions to science and public service left a lasting impact on Michigan’s development.

① Rensselaer  Scientific  School에서  학위를  받았다.
② Detroit에서  인기  있는  과학  강연자가  되었다.
③ 1831년에  면허를  취득했다.
④ Michigan  최초의  주(州)  지질학자로  임명되었다.
⑤ 친구들의  조언을  듣고  시장직을  거절했다.

River Breeze Campsite

Operating Hours
∙ Picnic Area: 11:00 a.m. - 10:00 p.m.
∙ Tent Area: 11:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. (next day)

Fees
∙ Picnic Area
- Ages 8 and Up: $4 per person
- Ages 7 and Under: Free
∙ Tent Area
- Tent Site: $15 per night (no tent provided)
- Tent Rental: $20 per night

Guidelines
∙ Only guests with a valid admission ticket may enter.
∙ Campsite lights are turned off at 10:00 p.m. and guests should keep the noise down.
∙ For safety, the following is not allowed:
- Fireworks
- Flying drones over the campsite
① 피크닉  구역은  오전  11시부터  운영한다.
② 7세  이하의  피크닉  구역  요금은  무료이다.
③ 텐트  대여료는  1박당  20달러이다.
④ 오후  10시에  캠프장  조명이  꺼진다.
⑤ 캠프장  상공에서  드론  비행이  허용된다.

Chopstick Bridge Building Contest
Registration
∙ All participants must register as a team of up to four members.
∙ Participants should sign up by March 31.

Event Details
∙ Date: April 11, 2026
∙ Schedule
- 2:00 p.m. Opening Ceremony
- 5:00 p.m. Awards Ceremony

Judging Criteria
∙ Participants will be judged on three categories.
- Strength - Design - Audience votes
∙ Using additional materials is not allowed. (All basic materials and wooden chopsticks will be provided.)

Awards
∙ The top three teams will receive a prize.
① 최소  4명으로  구성된  팀으로  등록해야  한다.
② 3월  31일부터  신청할  수  있다.
③ 시상식은  오후  2시에  열린다.
④ 추가  재료의  사용이  허용된다.
⑤ 상위  세  팀은  상품을  받을  것이다.

Darwin understood that since inheritance is conservative, it is in the nature of the organism to impose itself on the surroundings, ① producing many highly similar but variable offspring regardless of the nature of the conditions. He further recognized that these fundamental aspects of the nature of the organism ② imply reproductive overrun, with organisms routinely producing more offspring than there are resources to support them. The need to survive implies that the capacity for using necessary resources must complement the opportunity to use ③ them. But needs and opportunity do not perfectly match. Inheritance produces the capacities for exploiting the surroundings, but in a way that is indifferent to the surroundings. Offspring cannot anticipate the nature of the conditions ④ which they find themselves, much less alter themselves in ways that are suitable to any changes in those conditions. While it is true that organisms can express some amount of flexibility in their form and function in response to their immediate surroundings, these adjustments are ⑤ minor compared to the constraints of inheritance. As a result, not every living thing can live everywhere.

* offspring: 자손 ** exploit: 이용하다

Every time you conceptualize, categorize, and put a name on something that is not a proper name, you abstract away from its particularities. Picture daisies and clover flowers in a lawn. Those four ordinary nouns leave out their ① differences. “Flower” co­categorizes the white and yellow types with the beige ones, and all the many other sorts to be found elsewhere. “Lawn” ② acknowledges the varieties of grass and all the nongrassy plants that are there. Zoom in, and you will find individuality and uniqueness everywhere. No two daisies, no two clovers, are exactly ③ alike, and yet they present to a quick glance a carpet patterned uniformly enough. For most practical purposes, the differences can be ④ ignored — making a daisy chain, sunbathing, and the like. Not so, however, for the groundskeeper of a sports stadium, where the constituent grasses and their stages of growth really do matter. And to an infinite mind, with infinite memory, each blade of grass, with its own distinct life history, need not be ⑤ co­-categorized with all its fellows. Each could have its own name, as you yourself do.

* infinite: 무한한 ** blade: (식물의) 잎

“Art without commerce is a hobby.” These words, spoken with much authority to senior fine arts majors, are the kind that those who create art are unable to ignore. We worry about this idea that if we are not engaged in commerce, then we are not professional; and if we are not professional, can we even call ourselves artists? Art of any form, by its very nature, cannot or should not be quantified, and yet writers measure pages and words; visual artists measure canvases completed all in an effort to appear “productive,” to perhaps justify this urge to create. The notion of creating for art’s sake is then seen as hopelessly romantic and nearly indefensible. Of course one can engage in art, but it better be for money, for that is the only marker of success. But was that professor’s declaration merely an old talker with a title mindlessly repeating the cultural norms and expectations that had, in fact, labeled him as “successful”? In Western culture, it is almost impossible to separate professional from commercial, and so the artist is legitimized by their ability to earn money. Professional art, then, is inherently _________.
① universal
② individualist
③ romantic
④ collective
⑤ capitalist

We cannot make sense of the facts of the past unless they are embedded in stories, and stories, of necessity, are not neutral collections of facts. Stories are necessarily selective, subjective and attractive. The shortest of stories is the result of choices, conscious and unconscious. Stories influence subtly, invest power, make hidden moral judgement and always distort by omission, whether intentionally or not. This is why all educated citizens need ______________________________________. For we need to understand why history takes the form that it does in scholarly accounts. Disciplined historical argument is not the same as informal hearing and telling of stories; it requires familiarity with abstract generalizations, familiarity with prior scholarly discourse and an ability to make use of evidence, styles of argument and analytic structures in order to substantiate claims. Such disciplinary knowledge is not the same as ‘everyday’ knowledge and it is not likely to be picked up informally.

* omission: 생략

① an  ability  to  appropriate  history  for  one’s  own  ends
② not  just  facts  about  the  past  but  history  as  a  discipline
③ informal  methods  to  record  overlooked  historical  moments
④ disciplinary  measures  to  maintain  cultural  particularity
⑤ a  firm  moral  sense  when  reflecting  on  the  past

All architectural structures are forms of spatial choreography that guides action; space facilitates or prohibits, encourages or prevents, invites or inhibits. This choreography predetermines patterns of movement and behavior, but it also guides experiential characteristics, perceptions, imageries, emotions and feelings. A sensitive and empathic designer intuits human behavior and desire, and this intuitive architectural scripting resonates with the actual user/occupant’s natural and instinctual needs and intentions. While designing a house, the designer lives, uses and feels the non-­existent house in his imagination on behalf of the future dweller. A correctly placed window is located exactly where the occupant wishes to look out into the garden, or where daylight is needed. The stairway is located where the dweller wishes to enter the floor above or below. Successful architecture does not need manuals or signage for its use, as it reveals its very structure and use in a wordless manner. A profound building is _______________________________________________.
* choreography: 연출 ** intuit: 직관으로 알다 *** resonate: 공명하다

① an  instrument  to  pass  down  cultural  mindsets  of  its  time
② a  spatial  logic  made  independent  from  nonprofessional  opinions
③ an  extension  of  human  bodily  and  mental  actions  and  capabilities
④ an  architectural  expression  of  the  designer’s  aesthetic  preference
⑤ a  structure  whose  outward  appearance  masks  its  function

Think of the totality of your interactions where behavioral and interactional data is recorded and collected. All of those traces represent a kind of resource. It is accumulated over the long history of your recorded actions and choices, built up from traces left on everything from social media to credit reporting agencies, shopping websites and loyalty programs, courthouses, social welfare agencies, pharmacies, and the content of emails and chats. It incorporates whatever value is in your social network, along with synthetic measures of your trustworthiness or accountability in the world. It is diverse and multidimensional and, of course, it is not all gathered into a single place or condensed down to a single quantity. But in principle it might be. It might take the form of some vector of information that summarizes your situation and value across many features — something that compactly represents your position in the multidimensional space of classification situations. It would, in short, ____________________________________.

* synthetic: 종합적인 ** condense: 압축하다 *** vector: 벡터, 방향량

① conceal  your  digital  traces
② correct  one’s  misconception
③ characterize  your  social  location
④ define  what  has  exchange  values
⑤ represent  widespread  social  trends

Morality has been associated with the rational human beings for more than one reason. First of all, it is human beings who are gifted with the faculty of reasoning; secondly, human beings have free will to choose what is the best for them among many alternatives. ① To think and reason about things is the primary function of the human mind as has been noted by all philosophers since Descartes. ② It is because of this capacity to think and weigh the pros and cons of actions that human beings can plan for their future and make sufficient effort to achieve their chosen goals in life. ③ In other words, obsessing over advantages only and fixating on benefits lead human beings to make wrong choices. ④ Besides, human beings make free choices in all given situations, except where they are constrained to act. ⑤ Thus freedom is a basic feature of human life which distinguishes humans from other animals.

Daniel Dennett argues that one benefit of having moral considerations in our conceptual repertoire is that they can serve as conversation­-stoppers: their value is to bring deliberations to a close. We are rational creatures, always able to ask for justification, and this is a trait that has served us well in many contexts.

(A) This is potentially as much a problem for our own private deliberations as for our public interpersonal ones. Dennett suggests that it is useful to have
“consideration-­generator-­squelchers”: items that, once introduced, stop any further deliberation in its tracks.

(B) “That would be morally wrong!” would appear to work in this manner. Once the claim is accepted then there is no need or room for seeking further justification: the action mustn’t be done, even if it is tempting, and that’s all there is to it.

(C) The problem is that upon receiving a perfectly good answer we can always sensibly respond “Okay, but what justifies that?” — and we can potentially do so endlessly, never coming to a decision, forever hesitant and doubting, undone by our own rational capacity.

* squelcher: (남을) 찍소리 못하게 하는 말

① (A)  -  (C)  -  (B)
② (B)  -  (A)  -  (C)
③ (B)  -  (C)  -  (A)
④ (C)  -  (A)  -  (B)
⑤ (C)  -  (B)  -  (A)

When the concept of expansion gets mentioned, it is difficult to resist the urge to picture the Universe with a finite and growing boundary. Our natural instinct is to wonder what the Universe could possibly be expanding into.

(A) In contrast to our inflating balloon or, say, a pipe leak that causes gas to spread into a room that exists in its own right, our expanding Universe is not spilling into another separate entity, nor even another dimension. It is the structure of space and time that stretches, a structure that has always existed, at least since the Big Bang.

(B) Unfortunately, the only answer I can give you is the one that I am sure will satisfy you the least, but let me say it anyway: the Universe expands into nothingness. To be more accurate, the Universe does not expand into anything. It simply expands by itself within itself.

(C) This structure or fabric of space and time is elastic and malleable. Just as it can pull us apart as we fall inside a black hole, it can also expand and cause anything and anyone embedded in it to move farther apart.

* inflate: 팽창하다 ** elastic: 탄력적인 *** malleable: 가단성이 있는

① (A)  -  (C)  -  (B)
② (B)  -  (A)  -  (C)
③ (B)  -  (C)  -  (A)
④ (C)  -  (A)  -  (B)
⑤ (C)  -  (B)  -  (A)

According to McNeil and Duncan, gesture is different from language in that it does not present the speaker with such choices.

Scholars have demonstrated that the gestures hearing people produce while they are speaking are systematically made at the same time with speech such that language and gesture must be considered “co­-expressive”. This tightly integrated pairing of language and gesture enables speakers to conceptualize and formulate their thoughts in terms of both the “categorical” requirements of language, and the “imagistic” possibilities of gesture. ( ① ) For example, in describing an event, one must decide if the event has been completed or is ongoing if the language being spoken at that moment has a verbal affix for each meaning and one or the other must be chosen. ( ② ) This kind of choice is characteristic of language as a semiotic system. ( ③ ) Instead, it offers a kind of glue, which helps unite linguistic elements in a larger semiotic expression, which, as a whole, shares important characteristics with the represented objects. ( ④ ) In this view, speech and gesture are not redundant nor is one a “translation” of the other. ( ⑤ ) Rather, the minimal processing unit for the expression of thought is a combination of the two: it is “imagistic-­categorial” in nature.

* affix: 접사 ** semiotic: 기호의

Nonetheless, for most outsiders even completely transparent practices do not lift the veil behind which such forms of knowledge are hidden — without the relevant training and acquisition of skills, which often take many years, one simply cannot make sense of the information that is being shared.

To acquire expert knowledge, one needs to become a member of the relevant group of knowledge bearers, for which I will use the term “epistemic communities.” ( ① ) A newcomer learns from experts and is socialized into the common practices of the relevant epistemic community. ( ② ) Often there are admittance processes, combined with tests of a candidate’s abilities. ( ③ ) In the premodern era, epistemic communities were often kept secret, with strict tests of loyalty for new members, not least because of fears that specialized knowledge would fall into the “wrong hands.” ( ④ ) Some traces of these older practices may still be present today, but on the whole, the ideal has shifted to openness among the members of epistemic communities, and also, to some extent, toward outsiders. ( ⑤ ) Other, more active strategies are needed to make certain forms of knowledge as “accessible” as is realistically possible.

* transparent: 투명한 ** epistemic: 지식의

Carstensen’s (1995) socioemotional selectivity theory looks at individuals’ goals as a lifelong process that strengthens and matures with ageing. In relation to his motivational conceptual framework, Higgins (2014) proposes that motivation may even attain its highest levels in the later stages of life, subject to the balance and organisation of one’s goals in relation to life priorities. Building on this foundation, more recent research looks deeply into additional factors influencing well-­being in later adulthood, particularly emphasising the role of self­-worthiness, and the overall positive impact of developing a well­-rounded self­-view in life course transitions. Together, these studies suggest that both goal alignment and a positive self­-perception are crucial for enhancing motivation and overall well­-being in later life. In fact, third­-age learners exhibit a higher degree of selectivity when it comes to determining which goals to pursue and how to allocate their resources towards those specific priorities. Older adults demonstrate a stronger sense of life purpose and self­-fulfilment. They do it their way, and their way is an accumulation of winning and personalized combinations in effectively relating motives all together at different degrees according to their life contexts.

* alignment: 정렬

As goals mature over the course of one’s life, older adults become more selective and ____(A)____ their goals according to priorities, sustaining motivation and well-­being through a(n) ____(B)____ self-­view.

① coordinate  ·······  objective
② coordinate  ·······  favorable
③ organize  ·······  inconsistent
④ disassociate  ·······  positive
⑤ disassociate  ·······  indefinite

Writing of a commentary by Lenin on Leo Tolstoy, the critic Pierre Macherey agrees with Lenin’s claim that Tolstoy’s work holds up a mirror to the Russian revolution of 1905. Yet this mirroring, Macherey argues, is a complex affair, by no means a (a) direct reflection of the world as it stands. If literary works are in some sense mirrors, they are mirrors marked by flaws and blind spots. In fact, they are as significant for what they don’t reflect — for their exclusions and distortions — as for what they do. There are things which do not and cannot (b) figure in the mirror — in the case of Tolstoy, certain contradictions in society of which he could not be conscious. Even so, the mirror makes us aware of these (c) absences, which thus become faintly present. It is as though it allows us to see more clearly what isn’t there. There is also no reason to assume that what we see in the mirror must form a coherent whole. On the contrary, it may be in pieces and discordant. ‘The mirror is doubtless defective; the outlines will sometimes be disturbed; the reflection faint or confused’, remarks George Eliot in Adam Bede, (d) praising the kind of naive realism which holds that art (or mirrors) always tell it like it is. A mirror offers us a version of reality, but it does so from a viewpoint which cannot be captured in the mirror itself. And because this viewpoint is (e) invisible to us, we might be tempted to take it as beyond question.

* coherent: 일관된 ** discordant: 조화를 이루지 못하는 *** defective: 불완전한
① The  Significance  of  What  Literary  Mirrors  Fail  to  Show
② Literature:  A  Tool  for  Writers  to  Deliver  Their  View
③ Why  Are  We  Fascinated  by  Twists  in  Literature?
④ The  Power  of  Literature  to  Reflect  Reality  As  It  Stands
⑤ What  Makes  a  Classic:  All  Elements  Working  in  Harmony

Writing of a commentary by Lenin on Leo Tolstoy, the critic Pierre Macherey agrees with Lenin’s claim that Tolstoy’s work holds up a mirror to the Russian revolution of 1905. Yet this mirroring, Macherey argues, is a complex affair, by no means a (a) direct reflection of the world as it stands. If literary works are in some sense mirrors, they are mirrors marked by flaws and blind spots. In fact, they are as significant for what they don’t reflect — for their exclusions and distortions — as for what they do. There are things which do not and cannot (b) figure in the mirror — in the case of Tolstoy, certain contradictions in society of which he could not be conscious. Even so, the mirror makes us aware of these (c) absences, which thus become faintly present. It is as though it allows us to see more clearly what isn’t there. There is also no reason to assume that what we see in the mirror must form a coherent whole. On the contrary, it may be in pieces and discordant. ‘The mirror is doubtless defective; the outlines will sometimes be disturbed; the reflection faint or confused’, remarks George Eliot in Adam Bede, (d) praising the kind of naive realism which holds that art (or mirrors) always tell it like it is. A mirror offers us a version of reality, but it does so from a viewpoint which cannot be captured in the mirror itself. And because this viewpoint is (e) invisible to us, we might be tempted to take it as beyond question.

* coherent: 일관된 ** discordant: 조화를 이루지 못하는 *** defective: 불완전한

① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)

(A)
While taking a break from her daily housework, Cora scrolled through the internet and read a friend’s response to a family’s post. The grieving parents were asking for prayers for their 7­-year-­old daughter. Their daughter had a heart problem, so (a) she needed a heart transplant. Cora did not know the family or their daughter personally. However, they were from a small town called Appalachia which was also Cora’s hometown.

(B)
Their daughter seemed to be a healthy girl until she suddenly collapsed. They found out that (b) her heart was failing. The doctors managed to get her stable but wanted her to remain close to the hospital in case of any complications and to await a donor. Knowing that the wait for a donor could take months, they worried about how they could afford to stay in the area as their home was four hours away from the hospital. Cora, unsure how much (c) she could really help but wanting to do more for the girl and her family, invited them to stay with her.

(C)
As she kept reading the post, she noticed that the family was in a nearby hospital. She sent a private message introducing herself and asked if there would be anything they needed. Soon, Cora heard back from the girl herself that (d) she would really like some apple butter, a local favorite in Appalachia. So Cora made some apple butter, and bought biscuits to eat it with. Then, she brought them to the hospital for the girl. Though they were total strangers, they felt an instant connection since they were from the same hometown. During the visit, Cora learned more about the family’s situation.

(D)
Cora wanted to make sure the girl felt comfortable, so she let (e) her stay in the largest room in the house. Cora also prepared an extra mattress so that her parents could sleep nearby. The family was deeply touched by Cora’s kindness and felt so grateful. Far from their friends and family, and forced to endure more than any family ever should, the family found a piece of home in Cora’s. Her generosity showed that sharing the heart of a hometown created a friendship among strangers.
① (B)  -  (D)  -  (C)
② (C)  -  (B)  -  (D)
③ (C)  -  (D)  -  (B)
④ (D)  -  (B)  -  (C)
⑤ (D)  -  (C)  -  (B)

(A)
While taking a break from her daily housework, Cora scrolled through the internet and read a friend’s response to a family’s post. The grieving parents were asking for prayers for their 7­-year-­old daughter. Their daughter had a heart problem, so (a) she needed a heart transplant. Cora did not know the family or their daughter personally. However, they were from a small town called Appalachia which was also Cora’s hometown.

(B)
Their daughter seemed to be a healthy girl until she suddenly collapsed. They found out that (b) her heart was failing. The doctors managed to get her stable but wanted her to remain close to the hospital in case of any complications and to await a donor. Knowing that the wait for a donor could take months, they worried about how they could afford to stay in the area as their home was four hours away from the hospital. Cora, unsure how much (c) she could really help but wanting to do more for the girl and her family, invited them to stay with her.

(C)
As she kept reading the post, she noticed that the family was in a nearby hospital. She sent a private message introducing herself and asked if there would be anything they needed. Soon, Cora heard back from the girl herself that (d) she would really like some apple butter, a local favorite in Appalachia. So Cora made some apple butter, and bought biscuits to eat it with. Then, she brought them to the hospital for the girl. Though they were total strangers, they felt an instant connection since they were from the same hometown. During the visit, Cora learned more about the family’s situation.

(D)
Cora wanted to make sure the girl felt comfortable, so she let (e) her stay in the largest room in the house. Cora also prepared an extra mattress so that her parents could sleep nearby. The family was deeply touched by Cora’s kindness and felt so grateful. Far from their friends and family, and forced to endure more than any family ever should, the family found a piece of home in Cora’s. Her generosity showed that sharing the heart of a hometown created a friendship among strangers.
① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)

(A)
While taking a break from her daily housework, Cora scrolled through the internet and read a friend’s response to a family’s post. The grieving parents were asking for prayers for their 7­-year-­old daughter. Their daughter had a heart problem, so (a) she needed a heart transplant. Cora did not know the family or their daughter personally. However, they were from a small town called Appalachia which was also Cora’s hometown.

(B)
Their daughter seemed to be a healthy girl until she suddenly collapsed. They found out that (b) her heart was failing. The doctors managed to get her stable but wanted her to remain close to the hospital in case of any complications and to await a donor. Knowing that the wait for a donor could take months, they worried about how they could afford to stay in the area as their home was four hours away from the hospital. Cora, unsure how much (c) she could really help but wanting to do more for the girl and her family, invited them to stay with her.

(C)
As she kept reading the post, she noticed that the family was in a nearby hospital. She sent a private message introducing herself and asked if there would be anything they needed. Soon, Cora heard back from the girl herself that (d) she would really like some apple butter, a local favorite in Appalachia. So Cora made some apple butter, and bought biscuits to eat it with. Then, she brought them to the hospital for the girl. Though they were total strangers, they felt an instant connection since they were from the same hometown. During the visit, Cora learned more about the family’s situation.

(D)
Cora wanted to make sure the girl felt comfortable, so she let (e) her stay in the largest room in the house. Cora also prepared an extra mattress so that her parents could sleep nearby. The family was deeply touched by Cora’s kindness and felt so grateful. Far from their friends and family, and forced to endure more than any family ever should, the family found a piece of home in Cora’s. Her generosity showed that sharing the heart of a hometown created a friendship among strangers.
① Cora의  고향은  Appalachia라는  마을이다.
② 의사들은  소녀가  병원  가까이에  머무르길  원했다.
③ 소녀의  집은  병원에서  네  시간  거리에  있었다.
④ Cora는  비스킷을  직접  만들었다.
⑤ Cora는  추가  매트리스를  준비했다.