not harmful to the environment eco-friendly cars make a low impact on the environment.
protect
to keep something safe from harm, damage, or loss
You should protect your brother from bullies.
pollution
the process of making land, water, air, etc., dirty and not safe or suitable to use
Air pollution from traffic fumes is a serious problem in large cities.
natural
existing in nature and not produced or caused by people
Cotton is a natural material unlike plastic.
efficient
capable of producing desired results without wasting materials, time, or energy
My car is very efficient. I rarely have to buy gas.
impact
an effect or influence
Divorce can have a negative impact on young children.
elevate
to lift up
Too much salt in your diet can elevate your blood pressure.
eliminate
to remove or take away
People are trying to reduce or eliminate unhealthy foods from their diet.
promote
to support or encourage
The government is promoting the use of public transportation instead of driving.
sustainable
involving the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the Environment
Solar power is sustainable energy because it will always be available, while oil is not because supplies may be depleted.
conservation
the careful use of natural resources (such as trees, oil, and water) to prevent them from being lost or wasted
Water conservation practices include recycling and reusing water.
gunpowder
a dry explosive substance used to propel projectiles from guns gunpowder was first used by the Chinese in fireworks.
discover
to find out, either by accident or by searching
I discovered a great new restaurant before it became popular.
search
to look for; to try to find
We spent three hours searching for the car keys before we could leave.
ordinary
normal; not special or different
Ancient scientists tried to turn ordinary substances into gold.
substance
a material; a solid, powder, liquid, or gas with particular properties
What kind of substances are in this paint?
scare
to frighten or fill with fear
In the past, people believed fireworks would scare evil spirits with their loud sound.
display
an exhibition or show
Firework-masters were well respected in ancient China for their skill in making amazing displays of light and sound.
festival
a group of shows that include art, acting, singing, and dancing
The wine festival is held year after year in France.
occasion
a special time or event
A birthday is an important occasion.
celebrate
to mark a special event or to mark success with happiness
Do you celebrate on New Year’s Eve?
Independence Day
a legal US holiday celebrating Declaration of Independence
In many countries, fireworks are used to celebrate national holidays, such as Independence Day in the US.
differ
to be different from
I differ from my brother: he is short, while I am tall.
pronunciation
the way people say a word
What is the correct pronunciation of your name?
vocabulary
a collection of words in a language
The little boy has a big vocabulary because he knows a lot of words.
idiom
an expression in which each word separately has different meanings from the whole meaning
There are many idioms in American English.
diverge
to move in a different direction or be separate
The road diverged into two paths that led to our houses.
separate
different; distinct.
Everyone can have a separate bedroom.
general
topically broad, not considering details
In general, you should always ask questions if you don't completely understand something.
avoid
to stay away from
I tried to avoid the professor after I failed the test.
limited
not very much in amount, range, or degree
It is because there are limited sources of food and water in the desert.
automobile
a car, van, or truck
Korea has become one of the major automobile manufacturers.
grammatically
relating to the correct use of grammar
Korean and English are grammatically very different languages.
developer
a person who creates a new product
The fastest growing industry is technology, and the fastest growing technology job is mobile app developer.
growth
the process of growing or increasing; the amount of increase
The large growth in population means this is a good place to open a new store.
artificial
created by human beings, not natural artificial legs are made from light materials, like plastic.
intelligence
the ability to learn and think
He is clearly of high intelligence because he learned to build an app in only two weeks.
sort
to put things in different groups or in a particular order
He sorted his clothes by colors and sizes.
automatically
without needing human control
He automatically thought they were talking about him.
programmer
a person who creates computer programs
We need a(n) programmer to improve our accounting system.
focus
to give attention or importance to
Due to her sickness, she found it difficult to focus on her work.
image
the way that people think about a person or company
Computer workers have a(n) image of being dull.
perceive
to think about something in a particular way
Maxspeed is perceived as the most reliable company in this business.
content
text, videos, or pictures shared on the Internet
He opened the box to take out the contents inside.
island
a usually small area of land surrounded on all sides by water
The island was surrounded by clear blue water.
continent
one of seven very large areas of land, such as Africa or Asia
The continent of South America has many countries, including Brazil.
interior
the inside of an area
Have you visited the interior of the country yet?
desert
a large area where there is almost no water, rain, or plants
The desert is very hot and has little water.
coastal
near a coast, where land and sea meet
The largest cities in Australia are in the eastern, coastal area.
Aborigine
people originally native to the land aborigines were the first people to live in Australia.
claim
to take as one’s own
James Cook claimed eastern Australia for Britain in 1788.
settlement
a place where people have come and built homes
The European immigrants set up settlements to fend off the natives.
colonization
the act of a country spreading to a new area or territory by allowing its people to settle there
Since the colonization of India by the British, India has prospered in many ways.
migrate
to move from one place to another
He migrated from Europe to America.
platypus
a small animal from Australia whose young are born from eggs
The platypus lives in rivers and lays eggs.
mention
to refer to or speak about
George mentioned you may visit India this summer.
text
a written work about some topic
I can’t read this text. I don’t understand the language.
ancient
belonging to the distant past
Chess has been in existence since ancient times.
derive
to have as a source
She derives pleasure from watching her grandchildren play.
debate
a discussion about a subject on which people have opposing views
There is no debate that smoking is bad for health.
invention
the creation of a new device or idea
I think the most important invention was the electric light bulb.
to the contrary
with the opposite meaning or implication
Show me some evidence to the contrary.
trace
to follow or study the development of something
I found no trace of evidence at the crime scene.
origin
the beginning, cause, or source of something
The origin of chess is still debatable.
competitive
having a strong desire to win or be the best at something competitive chess began in about 1834.
international
referring or relating to two or more nations
There’s a(n) international book fair this weekend, and famous authors will be there.
base
to start or organize on a foundation
The judge made her decision based on the evidence.
confusion
the state of being puzzled or unclear
Before the establishment of Greenwich Mean Time, railroad timetables were confusing because every town had its own time.
timetable
a list of the times when buses, trains, and planes are expected to leave or arrive
The first lesson on the timetable for Monday is math.
devise
to invent a plan, system, or machine
The prisoners devised a plan for escape that involved digging a hole through the floor.
engineer
a person who runs or is in charge of a train
The engineer found a new way of burning fuel more efficiently.
conference
a meeting organized on a particular subject
Bill Gates will speak at the computer conference next month.
meridian
any north-south line on world maps
Lines of longitude can also be called meridians.
longitude
distance to the west or east of a line passing through Greenwich
When you cross a line of longitude, the time might be different.
zone
an area of land
My time zone is different from yours, so call me in the evening.
border
the edge of a country
A river marks the border between the United States and Mexico.
extend
to stretch out; to draw out to the full length
We can extend the entry deadline for one more week.
regard
to think of or consider
For thousands of years, ginseng has been regarded as an herb that can promote good health.
medicinal
having medicine-like effects that can treat illnesses
Ginseng is generally taken for it medicinal qualities.
stress
worry
Exercise is a great way to reduce stress.
available
ready for use
Tea and chewing gum are two of the many kinds of ginseng products available.
commercial
related to buying and selling things commercial businesses cannot be built in a residential zone.
cultivation
the act of cultivating; the process of developing crops or plants
Farming is the cultivation of plants.
circulation
the movement of blood through the body
The heart is the engine that keeps blood circulation regular in your body.
export
to send a product to be sold in another country
The United States exports many cereals and grains.
illegal
not allowed by law
Collecting wild ginseng in most of America is illegal because the root has become rare in the wild.
verify
to check if something is true by careful investigation
Witnesses claimed that they saw an aircraft from outer space, but scientists could not verify their claims.
benefit
an advantage; a helpful result
People can get many health benefits from doing a little exercise every day.
resin
a thick, sticky substance that is produced by some trees
Archaeologists discovered that prehistoric people chewed tree resin.
chew
to use teeth to cut food into small pieces before swallowing
You should chew your food well before you swallow it.
sap
the watery liquid in all trees
Furthermore, the ancient Mayans from Central America chewed sap from the sapodilla tree.
basis
something from which another thing develops or can develop
Flour is the basis of most cakes and bread.
industry
a commercial activity concerned with the processing of raw materials
Hollywood is the heart of the world movie industry.
brand
a kind or make; a specific type of a product
Coca-Cola is the name of a brand of soft drink.
quencher
something that you drink to stop being thirsty
The best thirst quencher is not Gatorade or pop drinks.
produce
to make or create
It is not easy to produce good bubble gum.
refuge
shelter or protection from danger or hardship
When it started to rain, she found refuge in the house.
vending machine
a machine from which one can buy things like snacks or drinks
Chewing gum first became available in vending machines in 1888.
sticky
tending to stick
I got some honey on my hands, and they were very sticky
acknowledge
to agree or accept something is true or exists
Most people generally acknowledge Shakespeare as the greatest writer in the English language.
fame
the state of being very well-known
It was very sad because he died young and at the height of his fame.
suspicion
a doubt; an idea that something is likely not true
There are suspicions that Shakespeare attended grammar school, although there are no records of it.
bank
the higher ground, especially along the sides of a river
The ship got stuck on the bank of the river.
documentary
relating to or as shown by documents
Your passport gives documentary proof that you are a citizen of your country.
certificate
an official document showing particular facts are true
I was given a certificate after completing the computer course.
fortune
a large amount of wealth
Shakespeare probably enjoyed fame and fortune during his career.
playwright
a person who writes plays
My grandfather was a playwright. He wrote many wonderful scripts when he was alive.
comedy
a play or movie with humorous characters and plot
Is this movie a comedy or a musical?
tragedy
a play that is serious and has a sad ending
It was a tragedy that she died so young.
considerable
great in amount or degree
They paid a considerable amount of money for that car.
especially
more than usual or more than other things
I like Mexican food, especially tacos.
wild
the uncontrolled natural areas that are far from towns
There are thousands of American alligators living in the wild.
endangered
threatened with complete loss; as in a species
Unfortunately, the Chinese alligator is endangered.
rare
not common or usual
Blue-eyed Chinese people are very rare.
depletion
the act of reducing the amount of something
Local farmers do not really care that they are depleting the species’ habitat.
nuisance
something that annoys or causes problems
Chinese alligators are a(n) nuisance to farmers.
environment
the air, water, land, and other elements that make up our world
We need to take care of the environment.
culture
a way of life, including the beliefs, art, and music of a group of people
Japanese culture is very different from that in the West.
extinction
the process of a species dying out
How can we save some species from extinction?
breed
to produce or to raise animals or plants
The Chinese government started a(n) breeding program for alligators.
captive
imprisoned or enclosed
The captive wolf howled all night long.
availability
the degree to which something is able to be found and used
The limited availability of a product increases its demand.
uncomplicated
easy, simple, not difficult to do or accomplish
Installation was simple and uncomplicated.
remote
far away from others
He lives in a(n) remote area that you can only reach by boat.
vendor
a person who sells things
The vendors at the market sell all sorts of things.
globalization
growth to a global scale; the increase of trade worldwide
Nations working together for the common good promotes globalization.
society
people living in an area who share rules and customs
A(n) society must establish rules and laws to maintain order.
threat
a danger or risk of harm
The forest fire is a great threat to the animals.
collective
together as a group
More countries around the world work together to achieve collective goals.
lose touch
a failure to understand the feelings of others
We finally lost touch after she moved to Jeju.
detrimental
harmful, not in the best interest of
The injury is detrimental to your health if you don’t try to fix it.
disconnection
detachment; a lack of attachment
Water disconnection affects the entire family.
sign up
to join a group or organization
I signed up for French classes. Do you want to join the class too?
subscriber
a person who pays regularly for a service
It had nearly a quarter of a million subscribers only a year after it started.
flexible
able to change easily
My work schedule is flexible, not nine-to-five.
launch
to start something new, like a service or a product
Netflix never launched its own streaming device.
device
a machine or small object that does something special
The hospital bought a new device for measuring blood sugar.
stream
to play music or a video from the Internet
Netflix never launched its own streaming device.
adapt
to change for different situations
They are adapting the book into a screenplay for a movie.
algorithm
a set of rules for doing calculations, especially rules that a computer uses
An algorithm is a series of mathematical steps, especially in a computer program.
habit
something you do regularly, and usually without thinking
She has good study habits. She always does her homework after school.
suit
to be right for a person; to match
Your new shirt really suits you. It looks great on you.
appeal
to attract; to interest
Reality TV shows have a lot of appeal to audiences.
distance
the space between two places or points
What is the distance from your home to your school?
affect
to cause a change; to influence
The speed of sound is not affected by temperature.
temperature
how hot or cold something is
The temperature in the desert is very high during the day.
experiment
a scientific procedure done to test an idea
We can find the speed of sound by doing a(n) experiment.
involve
to include or contain as a part of
Some role-playing games involve the use of dice and maps.
measure
to obtain the quantity of something based on standard units
How can we measure the speed of sound?
echo
a reflected sound
Listen to the echo bounce off the canyon walls.
foghorn
a siren-like instrument to warn ships about obstacles in fog
A ship caught in a fog can avoid crashing into cliffs by sounding a foghorn and waiting for the echo.
thunder
a loud boom heard from the sky after a flash of lightning
You can hear thunder shortly after lightning strikes.
clap
to hit together in a way that makes a loud noise
The beaver’s tail made a loud clap when it slammed into the water.
calculate
to work out, or find an answer, using mathematics
I calculated how much money I would need to buy the car.
alphabet
the letters that make up a given language
ABC is the beginning of the English alphabet.
epsilon
the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet
We still use some of the Greek letters, such as alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon.
precursor
something which existed first and led to later developments
Saying is the precursor to doing.
civilization
a society with social organization and culture
Chinese civilization began thousands of years ago.
lesson
something that is learned or studied
How many lessons do you have to go to today?
navigator
a person who guides a craft to keep it on course
The job of navigator is important on a ship because they study how to know which direction to go.
trader
a person who trades, such as a merchant or salesperson
The ancient trader went from city to city selling his goods.
script
a particular system of writing
You should memorize the script so that you can perform well on stage.
symbol
a thing used to represent something else
Five rings are the symbol of the Olympic Games.
powerful
having the ability to control people or things
I think the president is the most powerful person in the country.
adopt
to make or take as one’s own
We decided to adopt a new plan.
visual
relating to sight, or vision
A wolf showing its teeth is a(n) visual sign that others should not go near it.
auditory
relating to sound and hearing
Listening to educational talks is good for auditory learners.
tactile
relating to touch and feeling
When you're blind, you have the tactile memory for things.
chemical
relating to the use or inclusion of chemistry or chemicals
Some chemicals will explode if you mix them together.
badge
a color or shape (on an animal) used to communicate
An animal’s “badge” is what the animal looks like.
attract
to appeal to another by stimulating their emotions or interest
How do birds attract one another?
warn
to tell others of incoming danger
A lion will warn others to stay away by growling.
perform
to entertain by singing, acting, or dancing; to do a procedure
Megan will perform in the school play.
predator
an animal that kills and eats other animals predators are animals that hunt and eat other animals.
dominance
a status of having more power or importance than others
Large gorillas hit their chests to express their dominance over others.
affection
feelings of love or fondness
Cats show affection by rubbing against the people they like.
communicable
able to be passed on to other people
AIDS and SARS are communicable diseases.
transmit
to send, share, or spread
At first, SARS was only transmitted from one bird to another, but then it began to infect humans.
physical
relating to the body
You should avoid physical contact with infected people.
infect
to expose and affect with disease
Person can be infected by AIDS through blood and bodily fluids.
parasite
an organism that lives on or in another organism and relies on that other organism for food
You can get a parasite from drinking contaminated water.
organism
a living thing
A bacteria is a single-celled organism that can cause disease.
epidemic
a problem caused by disease affecting a very large number of people in many places
The AIDS virus epidemic causes millions of deaths every year.
contaminated
diseased or dirty
You can get a parasite from drinking contaminated water.
contagious
easily spread from person or animal to others
SARS is very contagious, so an epidemic could start easily.
excreta
matter expelled by an animal as waste
We can catch certain diseases by handling the excreta of animals.
illness
a sickness
Some diseases cause respiratory illness.
astound
to greatly surprise
This amazing discovery will astound people.
automated
programmed to complete a task automatically
They are using an automated teller machine.
tedious
boring, and repetitive, and time-consuming
Her speech was both long and tedious.
breakthrough
an important discovery or advancement
Scientists are always looking for new breakthroughs.
compose
to write or create a work of art, such as music or poetry
A word is composed of several letters.
indistinguishable
the same; unable to be differentiated
The copy is so good it’s indistinguishable from the original painting.
composition
an artistic piece that has been created
The musician is known for her beautiful compositions.
reinforcement
the act of strengthening something reinforcement learning enables Aiva to compose music.
seek out
to look for; to try to find
We sought out unknown actors for our last movie.
melody
a group of musical notes arranged into a piece of music
He wrote a wonderful melody for the song.
potential
an ability to achieve success in something
Danny has the potential to become a professional swimmer.
isolated
separate from others; alone
The family lived in an isolated farm outside of town.
explorer
a person who travels to new and unknown places
Marco Polo was a famous explorer.
inhabit
to live in or dwell
The island has been inhabited by Polynesians since about 300 CE.
Polynesians
a native or inhabitant of Polynesia
The polynesians on Easter Island probably don’t follow old traditions.
statue
a three-dimensional piece of art, carved in a solid material to represent something else
The museum has many impressive statues on display.
carve
to cut into the surface of an object
The stone figures were probably carved between 1000 and 1600 CE.
primitive
belonging to a very simple society; lacking modern technology
Stone tools are considered one of the most primitive human inventions.
sparse
small in number or amount and spread out
Water is very sparse in the desert.
identity
the character of a person; who one is
The Statue of Liberty is part of America’s identity.
magnificent
extremely good, impressive, or beautiful
The Great Wall of China is magnificent.
fascinate
to strongly interest
People from all over the world are fascinated by these magnificent statues.
construction
the process of building something such as a house or buildings
The new road is still under construction.
profitable
able to develop a positive cash flow
Professional soccer is a(n) profitable business.
deforestation
the act of clearing forests
When forest areas become smaller and smaller, it’s called deforestation.
disappear
to vanish from sight; to go away quickly
The magician made the coin disappear.
absorb
to soak up or take in
Rainforests produce much of the earth’s oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas.
prevent
to stop something from happening
How can I prevent getting sick from the common cold?
atmosphere
the layer of air and other gases around the planet
Volcanic eruptions send a lot of CO2 up into the atmosphere.
ecology
the relationships between plants, animals, and people
It is important to carefully monitor the ecology to ensure rare species can survive.
dependent
relying on someone or something for help
Most animal species are dependent on certain plants or animals for their survival.
regeneration
the act of making new after a time of deadness
When a lizard loses its tail and then grows it back, this is an example of regeneration.
shrink
to become smaller in amount or size
His new shirt shrunk after he washed and dried it.
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