Integrate Reading & Writing-Building 3 (E)

invasion

an entry into a place for the purpose of taking control

His invasion of China was stopped by the cold winter.

migration

when many people or animals move to another place

We watched the migration of geese as they flew south for the winter.

replace

to get something new to put in the place of something that is old, broken or missing

Bob replaced the sink in the bathroom.

rune

A letter, or character, belonging to the written language of various ancient Germanic peoples, especially the Scandinavians and the Anglo-Saxons.

Runes are letters from an alphabet.

modern

the present or recent time

modern music is different from the music in the past.

represent

to speak or act for a person or group

Kimchi represents the culture of Korea.

trade

the process of buying and selling of goods and services between people or countries

People used to use gold for trade.

ancient

very old

The museum has a lot of ancient artifacts.

foundation

a group that provides money for research

The foundations of the building were damaged by the severe earthquake.

structure

the form, shape, or construction of something

The grammatical structure of the two languages is quite different.

architecture

the art and science of designing and making buildings

She studied architecture in college.

expand

to get bigger

The Romans expanded their empire, and their way of life spread.

advanced

further along in complexity

The successful dogs now start advanced training.

establish

to begin or create something that is meant to last a long time

They established a strong central government that allied itself with Rome.

territory

an area of land or ocean controlled by a government or person

Animals often fight to protect their own territories.

official

allowed or accepted by someone with authority

Spanish is the official language of Venezuela.

bodily

of or relating to the body

The human body can be grouped into six basic bodily systems.

muscle

body tissue responsible for movement

If you exercise a lot, your muscles will become stronger.

bone

a hard part of the body

We should drink milk to strengthen our bones.

skeleton

the structure of bones that protects and supports the body of a human or animal, or a model of this structure

Adult humans have in their skeleton.

tissue

the material that forms the parts in a plant or animal

Our skeletal system is mostly made up of compact bone tissue.

tendon

a band of tough fibrous tissue

Muscles and bones are connected by tissue called tendons.

function

what it does

Bones also help with lots of important bodily functions.

protect

to defend from loss or attack

Our backbone protects our spinal cord, which carries messages between the brain to the rest of the body.

information

knowledge or details that let you know more about someone or something

But they are confused by all the information out there about how to do it.

requirement

something that is necessary

There are three equally important requirements for a healthy life: nutrition, exercise, and rest.

decision

a choice made after giving consideration

You won’t be healthy if you usually make unhealthy decisions.

consistent

always being or acting the same

Choices about nutrition, exercise, and sleep must be consistent and sustainable.

balance

a state in which weight is spread equally to prevent falling

Your body must have a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, or macronutrients.

option

a right to buy or sell something at a specified price during a specified period

Finally, replace the bad foods with healthier options.

vitamin

a substance that is healthy for your body and can be found in foods or taken as a medicine

It also needs vitamins and minerals, or micronutrients.

mineral

naturally occurring, inorganic material (almost always solid)

I always drink mineral water.

crystal

a small part of a substance that has many sides and is formed when the substance solidifies

A snowflake is an ice crystal.

hexagon

a flat, six-sided shape

All snowflakes start as a hexagon.

transform

change something dramatically

The caterpillar transformed into a butterfly.

stuck

not able to move

Other snowflakes are made of many ice crystals stuck together.

complex

hard to understand

Warm and wet weather produces snowflakes with complex shapes.

symmetrical

the quality of having balance and proportion

Snowflakes are symmetrical. This means they have the same pattern on both halves.

equilateral

Referring to a polygon all of whose sides are of equal length.

Snowflakes have right triangles, equilateral triangles.

isosceles

Having at least two sides of equal length, used especially of an isosceles triangle or isosceles trapezoid.

Snowflakes have isosceles triangles.

geometry

a branch of mathematics concerned with angles, measurement, and figures in space

We are studying geometry in math class.

season

a time of the year: spring, summer, fall, or winter

I was very interested because winter is my favorite season.

identical

the same

The teacher told us that no two snowflakes are identical.

discuss

to talk about something with another person

We discussed the different shapes and sizes.

tough

being strong physically or mentally and able to deal with difficult conditions

Ants are really strong and tough.

third

being in the rank or position of number three in a series

We live in the third house, after the two blue houses.

carefully

with great attention, especially to detail or safety

The baby carefully climbed down the stairs.

pattern

the standard way that something happens or is done

Each snowflake had a different pattern.

dark

being without light or without much light

If a room is dark, you can simply turn on the light without thinking.

available

easy to use or get

Whether it’s day or night, there is always light available.

rural

in the countryside

People in poorer and more rural areas don’t have access to electricity.

afford

to have enough money to pay for it

Even if there is electricity, many people can’t afford it.

install

to set something up, such as a piece of EQUIPMENT or a computer program, so that it is ready to use

It is installed in a small hole in the ceiling or roof.

ceiling

the top of a room

It is installed in a small hole in the ceiling or roof.

roof

the outside top part of a building

It is installed in a small hole in the ceiling or roof.

shine

to make a bright light

This way, sunlight shines through the water and lights the dark room.

aid

(usually with "in") to give help

The old woman walks with the aid of a cane.

distribute

to divide something among or give out to people

Helping sick people, distributing food, and building things are our job.

build

to assemble something

We help sick people, distribute food, and build things.

take care of

look after

We also take care of children.

abroad

done in a different country

I wanted to experience living abroad.

village

a very small community or town in the country

So I volunteered in a village in Kenya for one year.

valuable

being worth a lot of money

My experience in Kenya made me think about how valuable water and electricity are.

career

a job that someone does for a long time

Then see if you want to make it your career.