Dear Ms. O’Leary,

As requested, the cafeteria staff has developed a new menu that we believe the students will be excited about. First, in addition to our daily specials, gourmet pizza will be available every day. We have also created a sundae bar that will be open on Fridays, and we will offer main dishes from particular cuisines, such as Mexican or Chinese.
Following your approval, we will implement these changes after the holiday break. If you have any questions, please contact me at 655-1472. Otherwise, I look forward to receiving your feedback by the end of the week.

Sincerely,
Lora Parker

We all enjoy the pleasure of being left alone with a good book. But sometimes after several hours of immersion we lift our heads and look around, suddenly struck by the quiet, the absence of others. In this situation, we are suffering from reading­induced loneliness. The solution is to read in the company of other people who are reading—whether in a public space such as a café or a library, or in your own home, with your reading friend or partner at the other end of the sofa. Next time you look up, you’ll see someone else similarly immersed, and you won’t feel alone at all. Reading can be sociable. Consider joining a reading group in which everybody takes turns reading aloud from a novel. Reading a book collaboratively is a wonderful way to share an otherwise internal and solitary experience.

In professional sports these days, it is not unusual ① to hear players and coaches talking about process. They talk about focusing on the process and following the process. Rarely ② do they talk about scoring a goal, a touchdown, a home run, a point, or achieving a good shot. It’s all about process. So, what do they mean by this? What they mean by focusing on the process is that they focus on the actions they need to ③ be taken in order to achieve their desired result. They don’t focus on the result itself. The reasoning here is ④ that if you follow the steps required, then the result will look after itself. This is one of the big differences between professional and amateur sportspeople. Amateurs often focus on the result and forget about ⑤ doing all the things that would almost automatically lead to the result.

The departmental head took Billy to view his own private office. It was a room situated in St. Joseph’s Hall on the edge of the college grounds. “This room was formerly used as a guest room for visitors,” she explained. “I hope you’ll be comfortable here.” Comfortable! That’s putting it mildly, Billy thought. A shiver of delight ran down his spine when he saw his name in capital letters on the door: MR BILLY HOPKINS, SENIOR LECTURER IN EDUCATION. The room was spacious and there was a large window overlooking the college grounds. Billy sat at his desk and looked out at the neat lawns and flower­-filled gardens. Somewhere in the college a choir was singing and his joy was complete.

The human species and human culture evolved through interaction with the entire communities of animals and plants. Of the two great influences that make humans what they are, heredity and environment, environment is undoubtedly the more powerful. After all, heredity itself encodes the results of millions of years of environmental influences on the human genome. Even genetic mutations are, to some extent, caused by environmental factors. Evolution is largely the result of natural selection that takes place because humans, during their history of development as a species, have been part of biotic communities in which their interactions with other species of animals and plants have decided whether or not they survived and reproduced.

*mutation: 돌연변이

When we lived as foragers with earthbound religions, animals were the first beings, world­-shapers, and the teachers and ancestors of people. When we became agriculturalists and looked to the heavens for instruction about the seasons and bad weather, we saw animal forms among the stars. Of the forty-­eight Ptolemaic constellations, all but a few are organic, and twenty-­five are named for animals. Of the twenty-­two more that were added in the 17th century, nineteen have animal names. When people built huge earthworks to appeal to the powers of heavens, they built them in animal forms. Some in Peru are over a mile long. One in Ohio is in the shape of a giant snake with an egg in its mouth.

*constellation: 별자리

Bargain hunting represents one of the significant reasons why people shop. It’s all about the excitement of finding merchandise at surprisingly low prices and being able to take advantage of such discounts. The thrill of bargain hunting motivates shoppers and gives them a feeling of winning over the retailers. It’s an important part of the shopping mentality and one that retailers could probably take better advantage of. How many retailers set out with the explicit goal of literally raising the adrenaline levels of their shoppers by offering prices that are truly unbelievable or exciting? This is surely one way to spur sales and increase the interest of shoppers. Everyday sale prices are not the same―the bargain must truly stand out in the consumer’s mind as a good deal that is just too exceptional to pass up.

The above graph shows the average annual entertainment expenditures of US urban and rural households in 2011. ① Of the five categories, urban households spent more on fees and admissions and on audio and visual equipment and services than rural households, while rural households spent more than urban households in the other three categories. ② Both urban and rural households spent the most on audio and visual equipment and services. ③ In contrast, the smallest amount of money was spent on toys, hobbies, and playground equipment by both urban and rural households. ④ The largest gap between the expenditures of urban and rural households, amounting to more than $300, was found in the category of fees and admission. ⑤ However, the smallest gap between urban and rural expenditures was shown in the category of pets, on which urban households spent about $500 and rural households about $700.

Allan Houser created contemporary Apache sculpture. As a child, he listened to his father’s stories about the adventures of Chief Geronimo. This gave him a deep attachment to his ancestral background, an attachment that is shown in his artwork. Houser studied at the Indian School in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and then remained in Santa Fe, where he worked as a freelance artist. During World War II, he traveled to California, where he became interested in the media of sculpture. He created works in a variety of styles and mastered bronze, metal, and stone sculpture. Houser’s designs are modern, yet firmly rooted in the special tradition of his Native American forefathers. He drew inspiration from both past and present, but like all successful artists, his sculpture transcends race and language. The sculpture Reverie shows a distinct Native American influence, but it can be appreciated by anyone, regardless of his or her background.

Grandma put her things down on the sand and walked over to Phoebe on the shore by the water. Schools of minnows were everywhere in the crystal clear water. Phoebe was going crazy watching the minnows. ① She said, “Grandma, I want to catch a fish.” When ② she handed Phoebe the very small net, Phoebe immediately tried to scoop up the minnows. It took Phoebe less than ten minutes, and even that was too long, for Phoebe to catch ③ her first minnow. After many frustrating attempts, ④ she finally screeched with joy and ran to Grandma sitting on her beach towel. “Grandma, look, I caught a fish!” Phoebe gave the minnow to Grandma, which she kept for Phoebe in a clear, plastic container as a souvenir of Phoebe catching ⑤ her first fish.

*minnow: 피라미

Lowell High School Movie Night
September 4 at 7:00 pm

Save the date for Lowell High School Movie Night under the stars!

■ Celebrate the start of the school year with your friends and family.

■ Enjoy “Into the Space” on a giant outdoor screen with popcorn, candy, and dinner from the on­site food truck!

■ Games and prizes will be provided by the student council.
A special celebrity guest! Grace Kingsley, one of the stars from the movie, will be present to talk about her experiences shooting “Into the Space” and answer questions from the audience!

Tickets
■ Available by PRESALE ONLY!
■ The $12 ticket includes your meal, water, popcorn, candy, and all activities.
■ Online and on­-campus ticket sales information will be announced soon.

New Wood Student Woodworking Competition

New Wood is an industry-­sponsored competition intended for serious woodworking students who are considering a career in the woodworking industries. There is no entry fee.

Registration Deadline: November 1, 2015
Submission Deadline: November 1, 2015

AWARD/PRIZE
Prizes are awarded in each category.
First Place-$800
Second Place-$400
Third Place–$100

⚫ Student projects may be entered in the chair, table, or desk categories.
⚫ Participants must be at least 16 years of age by October 22, 2015.
⚫ Entries are restricted to two per participant.

For more information, visit our website at www.nwswc.com.

The idea that artists have a unique message to communicate is only a few hundred years old. For most of European history, artists were considered primarily craftsmen. When a noble contracted with a painter for a work, the contract specified details like the quantities of gold and blue paint to appear in the work, the deadline, and penalties for delays. A contract in 1485 between the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio and a client specified that Ghirlandaio would “colour the panel at his own expense with good colours and with powdered gold on such ornaments as demand it ... and the blue must be ultramarine of the value about four florins per ounce”. In some contracts, artists were paid by the time worked rather than a fixed price for the completed work. These contract details show us that art was considered to be a _________―a very different concept of the artist than we hold today.

*florin: 2실링짜리 옛날 영국 동전

Dependency never goes away; it just becomes more subtle and systemic. Without someone to feed us, change our diapers, or carry us from place to place, we would never survive to grow up. Later, all these forms of help fade into the background. They no longer look like mommy and daddy putting the spoon in our mouths. They look like the supermarket, the restaurant, the sewer system, the electrical grid, running water, and the emergency room. Help becomes pervasive and invisible, but it’s still there. For every one thing we think we have done on our own, there are a dozen things that had to be provided for us by others. We live in a dense fabric of mutual aid. That’s what makes us a social species. Even when we go out to compete in the world for money and praise, we never achieve on our own. We build upon parents, relatives, friends, teachers, and neighbors who helped along the way. __________________________________.

________________________________________. Birds that in the breeding season fight one another to death over territory may end up in the same flock during migration. I know this tendency firsthand from my fish, each time I redo one of my large tropical aquariums. Many fish, such as cichlids, are quite territorial, displaying with spread fins and chasing one another to keep their corner free of intruders. I clean my tanks out every couple of years, during which time I keep the fish in a barrel. After a few days they are released back into the tank, which by then looks quite different from before. I am always amused at how they suddenly seek out the company of their own kind. Like best buddies, the biggest fighters now swim side by side, exploring their new environment together. Until, of course, they start to feel confident again, and claim a piece of real estate.

*intruder: 침입자

Toys are cultural objects that children learn to play with in particular and culturally appropriate ways. Through participating in complex play, caregivers demonstrate traditional ways of object use. ____(A)____, when a mother models a telephone conversation during pretend play, she first dials the number, waits for a response, and only then begins to talk. If, while imitating the telephone conversation, the child forgets to dial the number, or mistakes the order of action, the mother may adjust the child’s actions, thus teaching the correct way of play. Parent-child object play is also a medium through which children practice real-­life scenarios (e.g. doctor-patient, mother-baby). Children’s knowledge of cultural activities also contributes to the structure of parent-child play. When children play with familiar toys, they are more likely to facilitate pretend play, while parents serve as an audience. ____(B)____, when novel toys are used in the course of parent-child play, parents are more likely to start and organize the pretense.

*pretend play: 가상 놀이

Parents are commonly reluctant to grant their grown children equal footing with them as adults. This delay can persist into later life, especially if geographic distance prevents parents from witnessing their children’s success in jobs or relationships. ① More decisively than most life experiences, illness can cause a change in such a relationship by forcing parents to accept help from their children. ② A father who decides to rely on his son to do his banking, for example, implicitly affirms his son’s capabilities as an adult. ③ Such reliance conveys a trust that may be deeply satisfying to the son. ④ Parents encourage creative activities in the child and participate with him in such activities. ⑤ By allowing his son to be a provider of help, the father actually gives emotionally more than he receives practically.

Until the mid-­20th century, only a few immigrants paid a visit to their homeland once or twice before they died, but most never returned to the land of their birth. This pattern has completely changed with the advent of globalization, coupled with the digital revolution that has (A) enhanced / hindered communication. As a result, immigration is a very different experience from what it was in the past. The ability of immigrant families to (B) object / reconnect to their old culture via phone, television, and the Internet has changed their approach to integration into mainstream American society. This has also greatly influenced immigrant practices of socialization with children. Contacts with the country of origin are now more frequent, and result in more immigrant families being influenced to (C) abandon / maintain cultural patterns from the homeland, and to attempt to influence their children to keep them.

Although every forensic case is different, each case goes through many of the same phases. Each phase requires its own procedures and expertise. Throughout each phase, the chain of evidence must remain intact.

(A) Although changes may be made, this synthesis is the formal interpretation of the data and provides the most logical explanation or reconstruction of the events and the identification of the remains.

(B) Next, laboratory analysis and research on the remains and evidence proceed. At some point, all of the data from the different labs and investigators comes together and is synthesized into the case report.

(C) The first phase is usually the discovery of the case. More likely than not, discovery is made by accident. The second phase is recovery of the remains and evidence. This and future phases require professional help.

*forensic: 과학 수사의

In each life, there are many important pieces that make up the whole. They can be thought of like pie slices.

(A) For example, if there is difficulty with work, the family, finances, and mental health will likely be impacted in a negative manner. Conversely, if an individual has employment that is fulfilling and rewarding, this will positively impact other pieces of the self.

(B) Each slice represents an important part of the self. There will be universal slices in each person’s pie, and there will also be slices unique to that specific individual’s personality.

(C) Some fairly universal slices may include health/well­-being, home, family, work, finances, and relationships. Unique slices of the self can include hobbies, spirituality, and education. Each slice of the self impacts the others.

In contrast, when we tell a truthful story, we include 20% to 30% more detail.

Lie detector tests base judgments of honesty on blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and vocal pitch, which the test assumes differ when people lie and when they tell the truth. However, lie detector tests have not proven particularly reliable. ( ① ) Now law enforcement has a new tool for detecting deception: the detail in stories told by people being questioned. ( ② ) New research indicates that when people lie, they develop a tight, bare-­bones script and stick with it. ( ③ ) They do not include details and comments on context because that just adds to what they have to remember. ( ④ ) That is, people who are giving honest accounts tend to recall details about context―what was happening at the time of the event, who was present―that are not related to the main story. ( ⑤ ) The researchers explain that “if you’re telling the truth, this mental reinstatement of contexts triggers more and more external details.”

*mental reinstatement: 경험을 머릿속에 되살려 보기

Some of the same essential oil properties that serve plants in nature also provide health benefits to humans.

The essential oil, it has been said, is the heart and soul of a plant. ( ① ) It gives a plant its scent and may also drive away insects, attract bees and wasps for fertilization of the plant’s flowers, and protect the plant against decay, bacteria, and mold. ( ② ) Food manufacturers, for example, sometimes include essential oils in their products as a way of preventing bacterial growth. ( ③ ) The oils are purer and more healthful than chemical antibacterial agents, such as chlorine. ( ④ ) Many skincare products also make use of antibacterial essential oils. ( ⑤ ) In nature, these oils protect plants against bacteria, and they do the same for us when rubbed on the skin.

We can simply state our beliefs, or we can tell stories that illustrate them. For example, if John tells Bill that he is confused about whether he should keep a cat or a dog as a pet, and if Bill responds “A cat,” his reply would usually be seen as useless advice. We need justifications for the beliefs of others before we can begin to believe them ourselves. If Bill responds, “A cat is good, because the cat is cute and quiet,” he is being more helpful but not necessarily more believable. But if Bill responds with a story about a similar situation that he was in or that he heard about and how the choice was made in that case and how it worked out, John is likely to be quite interested and to take the advice offered by the story more to heart.

We are more ____(A)____ when we express ourselves through ____(B)____.

It must have been 1975 or 1976, as I think I was twelve or thirteen. I came across a thin book, The Limits to Growth, by a curiously named author, the Club of Rome. Skimming through the book, even though I couldn’t fully understand it, I became very depressed. It said that the world will run out of oil in 1992 or thereabouts. So, even before I turn thirty, I thought, I am supposed to start riding around in horse­-drawn carts and burn wood for heating?
The prediction by the Club turned out to be right. We have run out of oil―that is, the oil that was accessible with the technologies of the 1970s. But we are still burning oil in huge quantities because we have become much more efficient in locating and extracting oil from places that were just not accessible forty years ago, especially the deep sea.
Technology does not only give us access to formerly inaccessible resources but it ______________ the definition of what a resource is. Sea waves, formerly only a destructive force to be overcome, have become a major energy resource, thanks to technological development. Coltan used to be a rare mineral of relatively little value until the 1980s. Today, it is one of the most valuable minerals in the world. Tantalum, one of the component elements of coltan, is a key ingredient in the making of parts used for mobile phones and other electronic goods.

It must have been 1975 or 1976, as I think I was twelve or thirteen. I came across a thin book, The Limits to Growth, by a curiously named author, the Club of Rome. Skimming through the book, even though I couldn’t fully understand it, I became very depressed. It said that the world will run out of oil in 1992 or thereabouts. So, even before I turn thirty, I thought, I am supposed to start riding around in horse­-drawn carts and burn wood for heating?
The prediction by the Club turned out to be right. We have run out of oil―that is, the oil that was accessible with the technologies of the 1970s. But we are still burning oil in huge quantities because we have become much more efficient in locating and extracting oil from places that were just not accessible forty years ago, especially the deep sea.
Technology does not only give us access to formerly inaccessible resources but it ______________ the definition of what a resource is. Sea waves, formerly only a destructive force to be overcome, have become a major energy resource, thanks to technological development. Coltan used to be a rare mineral of relatively little value until the 1980s. Today, it is one of the most valuable minerals in the world. Tantalum, one of the component elements of coltan, is a key ingredient in the making of parts used for mobile phones and other electronic goods.

(A)
In the winter of 1995, the weather was so cold that over four inches of ice formed on a small lake in Indiana, making it safe to walk on. However, a few warm days in February melted some of the ice, making it dangerous to walk on. Unfortunately, 12­-year-­old Josh Mitchell didn’t realize that, and he decided to take a shortcut to a friend’s house by walking across the semi-­frozen lake. He fell through the ice, and a dog named Levi, the pet of Denise and George Hammond, saw (a)him and started whining.

(B)
Denise fainted when she reached the shore, but paramedics took care of her and Josh and took them to the hospital, where they quickly recovered. Of course, Josh and (b) his parents were grateful to Levi and the Hammonds, and they sent them gifts: bones for Levi, a big bouquet of flowers for Denise, and a gift certificate to be used at a pet store.

*paramedic: 응급 구조 대원

(C)
Denise kept breaking the ice until she could reach Josh, then she kept (c) him afloat. George called Levi, and Levi came out of the water. Two neighbors brought an extension ladder out to the lake and pushed it to where Denise and Josh were. Denise pushed (d) him up on the ladder and then climbed up on the ladder herself. The ladder distributed their weight across a large area of the ice so that they didn’t fall through, and they reached the shore.

(D)
George saw Josh floundering in the icy water. (e) He ordered, “Levi, fetch!” Levi ran out onto the lake, jumped into the water, and allowed Josh to hold on to him. Meanwhile, George and Denise brought Levi’s 20-­foot leash out to the lake and tried to throw it to Josh, but the leash was too short. Because she didn’t know how long Levi could keep Josh afloat, Denise went out on the ice, knowing that although she weighed less than her husband, she would probably fall through the ice. In fact, she did fall through the ice four feet away from Josh.

(A)
In the winter of 1995, the weather was so cold that over four inches of ice formed on a small lake in Indiana, making it safe to walk on. However, a few warm days in February melted some of the ice, making it dangerous to walk on. Unfortunately, 12­-year-­old Josh Mitchell didn’t realize that, and he decided to take a shortcut to a friend’s house by walking across the semi-­frozen lake. He fell through the ice, and a dog named Levi, the pet of Denise and George Hammond, saw (a)him and started whining.

(B)
Denise fainted when she reached the shore, but paramedics took care of her and Josh and took them to the hospital, where they quickly recovered. Of course, Josh and (b) his parents were grateful to Levi and the Hammonds, and they sent them gifts: bones for Levi, a big bouquet of flowers for Denise, and a gift certificate to be used at a pet store.

*paramedic: 응급 구조 대원

(C)
Denise kept breaking the ice until she could reach Josh, then she kept (c) him afloat. George called Levi, and Levi came out of the water. Two neighbors brought an extension ladder out to the lake and pushed it to where Denise and Josh were. Denise pushed (d) him up on the ladder and then climbed up on the ladder herself. The ladder distributed their weight across a large area of the ice so that they didn’t fall through, and they reached the shore.

(D)
George saw Josh floundering in the icy water. (e) He ordered, “Levi, fetch!” Levi ran out onto the lake, jumped into the water, and allowed Josh to hold on to him. Meanwhile, George and Denise brought Levi’s 20-­foot leash out to the lake and tried to throw it to Josh, but the leash was too short. Because she didn’t know how long Levi could keep Josh afloat, Denise went out on the ice, knowing that although she weighed less than her husband, she would probably fall through the ice. In fact, she did fall through the ice four feet away from Josh.

(A)
In the winter of 1995, the weather was so cold that over four inches of ice formed on a small lake in Indiana, making it safe to walk on. However, a few warm days in February melted some of the ice, making it dangerous to walk on. Unfortunately, 12­-year-­old Josh Mitchell didn’t realize that, and he decided to take a shortcut to a friend’s house by walking across the semi-­frozen lake. He fell through the ice, and a dog named Levi, the pet of Denise and George Hammond, saw (a)him and started whining.

(B)
Denise fainted when she reached the shore, but paramedics took care of her and Josh and took them to the hospital, where they quickly recovered. Of course, Josh and (b) his parents were grateful to Levi and the Hammonds, and they sent them gifts: bones for Levi, a big bouquet of flowers for Denise, and a gift certificate to be used at a pet store.

*paramedic: 응급 구조 대원

(C)
Denise kept breaking the ice until she could reach Josh, then she kept (c) him afloat. George called Levi, and Levi came out of the water. Two neighbors brought an extension ladder out to the lake and pushed it to where Denise and Josh were. Denise pushed (d) him up on the ladder and then climbed up on the ladder herself. The ladder distributed their weight across a large area of the ice so that they didn’t fall through, and they reached the shore.

(D)
George saw Josh floundering in the icy water. (e) He ordered, “Levi, fetch!” Levi ran out onto the lake, jumped into the water, and allowed Josh to hold on to him. Meanwhile, George and Denise brought Levi’s 20-­foot leash out to the lake and tried to throw it to Josh, but the leash was too short. Because she didn’t know how long Levi could keep Josh afloat, Denise went out on the ice, knowing that although she weighed less than her husband, she would probably fall through the ice. In fact, she did fall through the ice four feet away from Josh.