Piglet was suffering from the very essence of worry. His mind was filled with all manner of possible horrors and disasters. “Supposing that...,” “What if...,” and their variants are the hallmark of worry and anxiety. “Supposing a tree fell down, Pooh, when we were underneath it?” Of course it is possible. All kinds of dreadful things could happen today or tomorrow. But most of them are very unlikely. Once you allow yourself to worry about the unlikely, there is no end to worrying. Imagine looking back on a life of worry about the unlikely. It would be a life spoiled by anxiety about things, the vast majority of which never happened. Whenever you catch yourself worrying that something dreadful might happen, answer the Piglet in yourself with Pooh’s reply: “Supposing it didn’t.” Tackling existing problems is quite enough; do not waste energy and happiness on problems which do not exist.

Both of us quiet, I put Lucy’s Mickey Mouse pajamas on her. Silent and somewhat still, she stood on the changing table as I held her close to zip her up. I breathed in the clean smell of her hair, feeling blonde curls tickle my chin. Suddenly, Lucy reached her arms around my neck, holding the back of my head tight between her arms. Little hands, little everything, pulled me to her, and she pressed her cheek to mine. It took only a moment to realize what was happening. “She’s hugging me for the very first time.” I wanted to yell for my husband, a neighbor, anyone to come see what my daughter was doing for the first time. We held each other for a few seconds, my daughter standing on the changing table dressed in her fuzzy red sleeper, her arms around my neck, her cheek pressed to my left shoulder. “Oh, Lucy,” I whispered, my words tight with tears. I never wanted to let go.

Having positive relationships with peers can lead directly to resources and information that help students learn. By virtue of the fact that they are socially accepted, it is reasonable to assume that students who get along with their peers will also have access to peer resources that can promote the development of social and academic competencies. These resources can take the form of information and advice, modeled behavior, or specific experiences that facilitate learning. Teachers play the central pedagogical function of transmitting knowledge and training students in academic subject areas. However, students provide each other with valuable resources necessary to accomplish academic tasks. Students frequently clarify and interpret their teacher’s instructions concerning what they should be doing and how they should do it, provide mutual assistance in the form of volunteering substantive information and answering questions, and share various supplies such as pencils and paper.

A business incubator is, quite simply, a building that is divided into units of space, which are then leased to early-stage small businesses. The result is a collection of offices and small warehouses filled with businesses that have one thing in common: they are businesses in the early stages of development. Each of the businesses has problems and needs that are similar, and each is in need of a variety of help, ranging from technical assistance to shared business opportunities to a simple pat on the back. Business incubators are not intended to provide permanent homes to their client businesses but rather to provide them with a temporary nurturing environment, until such time as the business is financially healthy. Upon reaching more predictable profitability, the incubated business can then be expected to “graduate” and move on to a typical office or warehouse building.

We have seen that individuals in many species are more likely to behave in an altruistic way when close relatives or kin will benefit than when only non-relatives will gain. This suggests that they can recognize which members of their species are kin and which are not. How does this occur? A key point is that individuals are by no means always accurate on this issue. For example, there are several species of birds in which the parents will ignore their own offspring if they are put outside their nest. However, if a cuckoo or other bird deposits an egg inside their nest, they will look after the bird when it hatches as if it were their own. These observations suggest that individuals tend to regard any other animal living in their home as kin even if there is no close physical resemblance.

Maximilian Ringelmann, a French engineer, studied the performance of horses in 1913. He concluded that the power of two animals pulling a coach did not equal twice the power of a single horse. Surprised by this result, he extended his research to humans. He had several men pull a rope and measured the force applied by each individual. On average, if two people were pulling together, each invested just 93 percent of his individual strength, when three pulled together, it was 85 percent, and with eight people, just 49 percent. Science calls this the social loafing effect. It occurs when individual performance is not directly visible; it blends into the group effort. It occurs among rowers, but not in relay races, because here, individual contributions are evident. Social loafing is rational behavior: Why invest all of your energy when half will do─especially when this little shortcut goes unnoticed? Quite simply, social loafing is a form of cheating of which we are all guilty even if it takes place unconsciously, just as it does with the horses.

Jeannette Rankin was born in Missoula, Montana in 1880. After attending public schools in Missoula, Jeannette majored in biology at the University of Montana and graduated in 1902. Jeannette became the first woman elected to the U.S. Congress in 1916, before women nationwide had the right to vote. In 1917, she became one of 49 members of Congress who voted against entry into World War I. In 1941, she was the only legislator to vote against entry into World War II. The vote effectively ended her political career. In 1943, Jeannette went back to Montana rather than run for Congress again. She traveled worldwide, including to India and Turkey, promoting peace. Her long career was distinguished by her deep commitment to the country’s women, poor, and children. She continued to participate in antiwar movements actively by attending rallies and giving speeches into her 90’s.

VACANCY NOTICE
 
ICCEF, the world’s leading children’s rights organization, is seeking an individual with commitment for children, high drive for results, and good self–regulation.

Post Title: Finance Manager
Appointment Type: Temporary Appointment (2 years)
Minimum Qualifications Required:
• Master’s degree in accounting, business administration, or financial management
• Five years of professional work experience in financial accounting
• Excellent written and spoken English skills
Major Duties and Responsibilities:
• Prepares budgets and leads its implementation and monitoring
• Provides staff training on financial and accounting policies

Your application should be sent to the following email address by 10 September 2015. Applications will not be accepted in person. Only short listed candidates will be called for an interview.

HR Specialist
Email address: iccefvacancy@iccef.org

Charity Photography Competition

Have you always wanted to lend a helping hand without knowing where to start? Here is your chance!  Just participate in the competition, and you will have the chance to help your disabled neighbors. All you need to do is to simply submit a snapshot of you expressing the following theme, and you stand to win attractive prizes!

• Theme: Peace          • Deadline: 15th July 2015
• Format: JPG file (maximum 10MB)
  - Captions (under 50 words) are encouraged to be submitted along with the photograph, and will be considered as part of the grading criteria.
• Participation Fee: $5
  - Collection of participation fees: Further details will be sent via email at a later date.

 Prizes include vouchers worth up to $100!
 For more details, please call our office at (344) 888-5350.

The above graph shows the total U.S. primary energy production in 2011 and the percentage each energy source accounts for. ① The pie chart shows five different energy sources: natural gas, coal, petroleum, nuclear, and renewables, with the last of these divided into six further sub-categories. ② The percentage of natural gas, coal, and petroleum in total takes up more than two thirds of the total U.S. primary energy production. ③ The data also reveals that nuclear power generation ranks last and is close behind renewables with a marginal difference of one percentage point. ④ In the category of renewable energy, biofuels and other biomass percentages combined are larger than half of the renewable energy produced while hydroelectric energy is the single largest source. ⑤ Meanwhile, the two lowest renewables, geothermal and solar, share the same percentage of two percent each.

It has been proposed that sleep functions to conserve energy. This may be particularly relevant for warm-blooded animals (mammals and birds) that must expend a lot of energy to maintain a body temperature higher than ① that of their surroundings. Indeed, many small mammals living in cold climates, who lose heat easily by having an unfavorable surface area to body weight ratio, ② tending to sleep a lot, often in insulating burrows. Yet sleep does not appear ③ to have evolved only in warm‒blooded animals. Some studies on reptiles and amphibians indicate that they also sleep, and there are now strong indications of a sleep‒like state in some invertebrates, such as crayfish, fruit flies, and honey bees. Also, though it is true that the overall use of energy is reduced during sleep, as ④ compared with the active waking state, there is almost as much reduction in energy use from just resting quietly. The additional energy conservation in going from the resting state to sleep ⑤ is minimal.

*invertebrate: 무척추동물

According to Dr. Paul Ekman, a pioneer of lying research at UC San Francisco, here is an example of how difficult it is for children to grasp the qualifying role of intent in telling a lie. On the way home from school on Tuesday, a dad promises his five‒year‒old son that ① he will take him to the baseball game on Saturday afternoon. When they get home, Dad learns from Mom that earlier in the day she had scheduled a swim lesson for Saturday afternoon and can’t change it. When they tell their son, ② he gets terribly upset, and the situation melts down. Why is the kid so upset? Dad didn’t know about the swim lesson. By the adult definition, ③ he did not lie. But by the kid definition, ④ he did lie. Any false statement―regardless of intent or belief―is a lie. Therefore, unwittingly, Dad has given his child the message that ⑤ he approves of breaking promises.

The dominance of conclusions over arguments is most pronounced where emotions are involved. The psychologist Paul Slovic has proposed a theory in which people let their likes and dislikes determine their beliefs about the world. Your political ① preference determines the arguments that you find compelling. If you like the current health policy, you believe its benefits are substantial and its costs ② more manageable than the costs of alternatives. If you are a hawk in your attitude toward other nations, you probably think they are relatively weak and likely to ③ submit to your country’s will. If you are a dove, you probably think they are strong and will not be easily persuaded. Your emotional attitude to such things as red meat, nuclear power, tattoos, or motorcycles ④ follows your beliefs about their benefits and their risks. If you ⑤ dislike any of these things, you probably believe that its risks are high and its benefits negligible.

Customers’ needs are usually expressed as high‒level descriptions of the overall quality of a product or service. They are typically stated as adjectives and inherently do not imply a specific benefit to the customer. For instance, customers commonly say they want a product or service to be “reliable,” “effective,” “robust,” “dependable,” or “resilient.” Razor users may want the product to be “durable and strong.” Although these simple statements provide some indication as to what customers are looking for, they have one major drawback. They are __________________________ and present designers, developers, and engineers with the impossible task of figuring out just what customers really mean by “durable” or “strong.” If engineers faced the task of making a razor more “durable,” would they try to make the blade last longer, resist bending, or withstand constant moisture? Would any of these actions satisfy the customer’s true measure of “durable?”

Many political scientists used to assume that people vote selfishly, choosing the candidate or policy that will benefit them the most. But decades of research on public opinion have led to the conclusion that self-interest is a weak predictor of policy preferences. Parents of children in public school are not more supportive of government aid to schools than other citizens, and young men subject to the draft are not more opposed to military escalation than men too old to be drafted. Rather, people care about their groups, whether those be racial, regional, or political. The political scientist Don Kinder summarizes the findings like this: “In matters of public opinion, citizens seem to be asking themselves not ‘What’s in it for me?’ but rather ‘What’s in it for my group?’” Political opinions _________________________. They’re like the array of bumper stickers people put on their cars showing the political causes, universities, and sports teams they support. Our politics is groupish, not selfish.

In a study of complimenting behavior in American English, researchers discovered that one of the most striking features of compliments in American English is _________________________. An initial examination of a large corpus revealed surprising repetitiveness in both the object of the compliments and the lexical items used to describe them. On closer investigation, it was discovered that regularities exist on all levels and that compliments are in fact formulas. We may categorize 80% of all compliments in the data as adjectival in that they depend on an adjective for their positive semantic value. In all, some seventy-two positive adjectives occur in the data. What is striking, however, is that of these seventy-two adjectives only five (nice, good, beautiful, pretty and great) are used with any frequency. While most adjectives occur only once or twice in the data, these five adjectives occur with such frequency that of all adjectival compliments in the corpus two thirds make use of only five adjectives.

*corpus: 언어 자료

Once most Americans got their water only from the tap. Now they often buy their water in bottles. But bottled water costs 80 cents to $4.00 per gallon, while tap water costs only pennies per day. Is the extra expense worth it? Although the FDA sets regulations specifically for bottled water to ensure that it is safe, the Environmental Protection Agency’s standards for tap water are actually higher. ____(A)____, bottled water is permitted to contain certain amounts of any bacteria. Tap water, in contrast, cannot contain any of the dangerous bacteria. Also, there are no federal filtration or disinfection requirements for bottled water, as there are for tap water. The chlorine used to treat tap water continues to kill harmful bacteria, while bottled water contains no such disinfectant to prevent bacterial growth. ____(B)____, tap water is actually healthier in some respects. It usually contains fluoride, along with other minerals―such as calcium and iron―that are beneficial to the body.

*chlorine: 염소 **fluoride: 플루오린 화합물

Despite all the increasingly user-friendly and popular technology, most studies published since the early 1990s confirm earlier conclusions: paper still has advantages over screens as a reading medium. ① Together, laboratory experiments, polls, and consumer reports indicate that digital devices prevent people from efficiently navigating long texts, which may subtly inhibit reading comprehension. ② Compared with paper, screens may also drain more of our mental resources while we are reading and make it a little harder to remember what we read when we are done. ③ Whether they realize it or not, people often approach computers and tablets with a state of mind less beneficial to learning than the one they bring to paper. ④ They are favoring digital devices, as reading digital texts for facts and fun becomes more common. ⑤ E-readers also fail to recreate certain tactile experiences of reading on paper, the absence of which some find unsettling.

In experientialism, the body is seen as playing a decisive role in producing the kind of mind we have. The mind is based on the body. In other words, the kind of body humans have influences the kind of mind they have. As a result, thought is taken to be embodied.

(A) A tree is tall relative to our average human size. In this way, categories of mind are defined by the body’s interaction with the environment. We call such features of conceptual categories “interactional properties.”

(B) As an example, take the conceptual category of TREE. How can the body play any role in our understanding what a tree is? For one thing, we understand a tree as being upright.

(C) This comes from how we experience our own bodies; namely, that we experience ourselves as being erect. For another, we see a tree as tall. The aspect of tallness only makes sense with respect to our standard evaluation of the body’s relative height.

Using emotional language is a way to get your audience not only to understand your argument but also to feel it.

(A) Probably folks might like the idea of that, but they won’t necessarily bother to leave the house to go vote for it. People don’t care about traffic unless they are stuck in it and missing their children’s soccer practice.

(B) A few years ago I was involved in a campaign for a bill to fund an extra lane for a local freeway. The county wanted to run promotional ads for the bill promising to “improve our roads” and “reduce commute time.”

(C) A better approach was to run ads asking, “Wouldn’t it be nice to get to your child’s practice on time for once?” or, “Wouldn’t you like to get home early enough to have dinner with your family every night?” That helped voters picture exactly how the expanded freeway would improve their lives.

Looking at nature is another activity that gives our directed attention a chance to recover.

“We have two kinds of attention,” says Andrea Faber Taylor, an environmental psychologist at the University of Illinois. The first is the “directed attention” we call on for tasks that require focus, like driving or doing our taxes. ( ① ) Directed attention tends to be tiring, however, and fatigue affects our ability to make good decisions and control destructive impulses. ( ② )The best way to restore directed attention is to give it a rest by shifting to the second type, “involuntary attention,” which we display when we meditate. ( ③ )For example, Roger Ulrich at Texas A&M University found that people who commuted along scenic roads recovered more quickly from stressful driving conditions than those who saw billboards, buildings, and parking lots. ( ④ )Ulrich also looked at patients recovering from surgery. ( ⑤ )The patients who could see trees from their hospital beds needed fewer painkillers and had shorter hospital stays than those who looked out on brick walls.

Courbet broke with this tradition and provided art history with its first public scandal with the painting “Burial at Ornans.”

Parallel to new trends in the natural sciences and humanities, the realists focused on fact and perception, thus rejecting art that was based only on imaginary worlds. ( ① ) However, they never sought to simply imitate reality since that would have been easier with photography, which had just recently been invented. ( ② ) Instead, painters like Gustave Courbet, Adolf von Menzel, Jean-François Millet, and Honoré Daumier wanted to illustrate social conditions within their art. ( ③ ) In particular, artists chose motifs taken from industrial and rural worlds of life and labor. ( ④ ) Previously, these subjects had been handled at most in small, anecdotal genre paintings. ( ⑤ ) It portrayed an ordinary funeral and the rural mourners on a monumental scale, challenging the accepted norms of the art establishment at that time.

New York University psychologist Gabriele Oettingen studied women enrolled in a weight-reduction program trying to lose a few pounds. In the study, the participants used positive thinking―imagining themselves reaching their goals―as a motivator. The results weren’t so positive. “A year later, I checked in on these women from the weight‒loss study,” Oettingen writes in the New York Times, and “the more positively women had imagined themselves in these scenarios, the fewer pounds they had lost.” As the above study and others of Oettingen’s found, positive thinking makes people feel comfortable with their present state. Too comfortable. Dreaming of the future “can drain you of the energy you need to take action in pursuit of your goals,” she says. “Positive thinking fools our minds into perceiving that we’ve already attained our goal, slackening our readiness to pursue it.”
  
Thinking positively can actually ___(A)___ your chances of success by leading to ___(B)___.

Linda was planning to visit Amy in a distant city, but shortly before she was supposed to arrive, Linda called and canceled. Although Amy felt disappointed, she tried to be understanding. Being polite by not imposing, and respecting Linda’s need for independence, Amy said it was really okay if Linda didn’t come. Linda was very depressed at that time, and she got more depressed. She took Amy’s considerateness as indifference. Amy later felt partly responsible for Linda’s depression because she hadn’t insisted that Linda visit. This confusion was easy to fall into and hard to climb out of because ways of showing caring and indifference are inherently ambiguous.
You can be nice to someone either by showing your involvement or by not imposing. And you can be mean by refusing to show involvement―cutting her off―or by imposing―being “inconsiderate.” You can show someone you are angry by shouting at her or refusing to talk to her at all. You can be kind by saying something or by saying nothing. For example, if someone has suffered a misfortune―failed an exam, lost a job, or contracted a disease―you may show sympathy by expressing your concern in words or by deliberately not mentioning it to avoid causing pain by bringing it up. If everyone takes the latter approach, __________ becomes a chamber in which the ill, the bereaved and the unemployed are isolated.

Linda was planning to visit Amy in a distant city, but shortly before she was supposed to arrive, Linda called and canceled. Although Amy felt disappointed, she tried to be understanding. Being polite by not imposing, and respecting Linda’s need for independence, Amy said it was really okay if Linda didn’t come. Linda was very depressed at that time, and she got more depressed. She took Amy’s considerateness as indifference. Amy later felt partly responsible for Linda’s depression because she hadn’t insisted that Linda visit. This confusion was easy to fall into and hard to climb out of because ways of showing caring and indifference are inherently ambiguous.
You can be nice to someone either by showing your involvement or by not imposing. And you can be mean by refusing to show involvement―cutting her off―or by imposing―being “inconsiderate.” You can show someone you are angry by shouting at her or refusing to talk to her at all. You can be kind by saying something or by saying nothing. For example, if someone has suffered a misfortune―failed an exam, lost a job, or contracted a disease―you may show sympathy by expressing your concern in words or by deliberately not mentioning it to avoid causing pain by bringing it up. If everyone takes the latter approach, __________ becomes a chamber in which the ill, the bereaved and the unemployed are isolated.

(A)
The little country schoolhouse was heated by an old‒fashioned coal stove. An eight-year-old boy named Glenn and (a) his older brother had the job of coming to school early each day so that they could use kerosene to start the fire and warm the classroom. One cold morning someone mistakenly filled the kerosene container they used with gasoline, and disaster struck. The fire killed Glenn’s brother and badly burned Glenn’s legs.

*kerosene: 등유

(B)
For two months, the parents and the doctor debated on whether to amputate. They used this time to instill in Glenn the belief that (b) he would someday walk again. They never amputated Glenn’s legs, but when the bandages were finally removed, it was discovered that his right leg was almost three inches shorter than the other. The toes on his left foot were almost completely burned off. Yet Glenn was fiercely determined. Though in unbearable pain, he forced himself to exercise daily and finally took a few painful steps.           

**amputate: (손이나 발을) 절단하다

(C)
Slowly recovering, Glenn finally threw away his crutches and began to walk almost normally. Soon he was running. This determined young man kept running and running and running―and those legs that came so close to being amputated carried (c) him to a world record in the mile run. His full name? Glenn Cunningham, who was known as the “World’s Fastest Human Being,” and was named athlete of the century at Madison Square Garden.  

(D)
The doctor attending Glenn recommended amputating his legs. His parents were devastated. They had already lost one son, and now their other son was to lose (d) his legs. However, they did not lose their faith. They did not consent to what the doctor suggested, either. Each day they asked (e) him for a delay, praying that their son’s legs would somehow heal and he would become well again.

(A)
The little country schoolhouse was heated by an old‒fashioned coal stove. An eight-year-old boy named Glenn and (a) his older brother had the job of coming to school early each day so that they could use kerosene to start the fire and warm the classroom. One cold morning someone mistakenly filled the kerosene container they used with gasoline, and disaster struck. The fire killed Glenn’s brother and badly burned Glenn’s legs.

*kerosene: 등유

(B)
For two months, the parents and the doctor debated on whether to amputate. They used this time to instill in Glenn the belief that (b) he would someday walk again. They never amputated Glenn’s legs, but when the bandages were finally removed, it was discovered that his right leg was almost three inches shorter than the other. The toes on his left foot were almost completely burned off. Yet Glenn was fiercely determined. Though in unbearable pain, he forced himself to exercise daily and finally took a few painful steps.           

**amputate: (손이나 발을) 절단하다

(C)
Slowly recovering, Glenn finally threw away his crutches and began to walk almost normally. Soon he was running. This determined young man kept running and running and running―and those legs that came so close to being amputated carried (c) him to a world record in the mile run. His full name? Glenn Cunningham, who was known as the “World’s Fastest Human Being,” and was named athlete of the century at Madison Square Garden.  

(D)
The doctor attending Glenn recommended amputating his legs. His parents were devastated. They had already lost one son, and now their other son was to lose (d) his legs. However, they did not lose their faith. They did not consent to what the doctor suggested, either. Each day they asked (e) him for a delay, praying that their son’s legs would somehow heal and he would become well again.

(A)
The little country schoolhouse was heated by an old‒fashioned coal stove. An eight-year-old boy named Glenn and (a) his older brother had the job of coming to school early each day so that they could use kerosene to start the fire and warm the classroom. One cold morning someone mistakenly filled the kerosene container they used with gasoline, and disaster struck. The fire killed Glenn’s brother and badly burned Glenn’s legs.

*kerosene: 등유

(B)
For two months, the parents and the doctor debated on whether to amputate. They used this time to instill in Glenn the belief that (b) he would someday walk again. They never amputated Glenn’s legs, but when the bandages were finally removed, it was discovered that his right leg was almost three inches shorter than the other. The toes on his left foot were almost completely burned off. Yet Glenn was fiercely determined. Though in unbearable pain, he forced himself to exercise daily and finally took a few painful steps.           

**amputate: (손이나 발을) 절단하다

(C)
Slowly recovering, Glenn finally threw away his crutches and began to walk almost normally. Soon he was running. This determined young man kept running and running and running―and those legs that came so close to being amputated carried (c) him to a world record in the mile run. His full name? Glenn Cunningham, who was known as the “World’s Fastest Human Being,” and was named athlete of the century at Madison Square Garden.  

(D)
The doctor attending Glenn recommended amputating his legs. His parents were devastated. They had already lost one son, and now their other son was to lose (d) his legs. However, they did not lose their faith. They did not consent to what the doctor suggested, either. Each day they asked (e) him for a delay, praying that their son’s legs would somehow heal and he would become well again.