Imagine you are climbing a rock wall in the mountains. You are halfway up the wall, hundreds of feet above the valley floor. You have just come to a small ledge. You know you would be vulnerable if the wind picked up, but on that ledge you have at least some sense of security. The problem is that to keep moving up, you have to abandon the security and reach for another hold. Letting go of that sense of security is the challenge, whether you are rock climbing or taking a new path in life. You have to release your hold on the old and grab on to the new.

*ledge:절벽에서 선반처럼 튀어나온 바위
① 등산할  때  안전  사고에  유의해야  한다.
② 작은  기회도  소홀히  다루어서는  안  된다.
③ 기초가  튼튼해야  높은  이상을  달성할  수  있다.
④ 현  상황에  안주하지  말고  계속  나아가야  한다.
⑤ 자신의  약점을  깨달을  때  더욱  발전할  수  있다.

“I can’t believe we made – how much did we make?” cried Megan once they got back to her house. “One hundred and four dollars each. Each!” shouted Jessie. She couldn’t stop hopping from one foot to the other. “I’ve never seen so much money in my life!” Jessie was already running numbers in her head. Subtracting the eighty dollars that she and Megan had spent on lemonade and cups, each girl had made a profit of sixty­-four dollars. If they doubled the number of their franchises from thirteen to twenty­-six, they could each make one hundred and twenty-­eight dollars in one day! Jessie pulled out a piece of paper and scribbled down a graph. The sky was the limit.
① excited
② nervous
③ jealous
④ disappointed
⑤ curious

Popular prejudice offers a black­-and-­white picture of the brain versus body paradigm. We are often told that exercise develops the body while reading, writing, and thinking are meant to develop the brain. This is a flawed perception. While mental activities such as reading, writing, solving mathematical problems, doing crosswords or participating in seminars are primarily concerned with the brain, they are also relevant to the body and have an impact on it. The emotions and sensory reactions created by these activities have an influence, however subtle, through chemical signals, on the body and its health.
① steps  to  improve  academic  skills
② how  to  develop  brain  function  efficiently
③ benefits  of  enhancing  physical  conditions
④ the  effect  of  mental  activities  on  the  body
⑤ the  correlation  between  exercise  and  body

Drinking water can contribute to good health, and schools are in a unique position to promote healthy dietary behaviors, including drinking sufficient water. More than 95% of children and adolescents are enrolled in schools, and students typically spend at least 6 hours at school each day. Ensuring that students have access to safe, free drinking water throughout the school environment gives them a healthy substitute for sugar­-sweetened beverages. Access to clean and free water helps to increase students’ overall water consumption, maintain hydration, and reduce unhealthy calories intake. Adequate hydration may improve cognitive function among children and adolescents, which is important for learning.
① importance  of  a  well­-balanced  diet
② difficulty  of  securing  clean  water  sources
③ harm  of  sugar­-sweetened  beverages  for  children
④ necessity  of  providing  drinkable  water  at  school
⑤ warnings  against  excessive  water  use  in  public  areas

People are strongly influenced by irrelevant factors―the ones that speak to our unconscious desires and motivations. For example, in a study, subjects were given three different boxes of detergent and asked to try them all out, then report on which they liked best and why. One box was yellow, another blue, and the third was blue with splashes of yellow. The subjects overwhelmingly favored the detergent in the box with mixed colors. Their comments included much about the relative merits of the detergents, but none mentioned the box. Why should they? A pretty box doesn’t make the detergent work better. But in reality, it was just the box that differed―the detergents inside were all identical.
① Detergents:Newer  Is  Better
② Why  Can’t  Stop  Impulse  Buying?
③ Requirements  for  Quality  Detergents
④ Unconsciousness:Secrets  to  Creativity
⑤ A  Hidden  Controller  in  Decision­-Making

For many young people, peers are of significant importance and can be the primary source of the norms with which they strive to conform. Peer pressure among them can affect how they drive a vehicle. Young drivers experience higher peer pressure than older drivers to commit traffic violations such as speeding, driving under the influence of alcohol and dangerous overtaking. Direct peer pressure may be exerted on a young driver’s behavior through the influence of a passenger. Young drivers, both male and female, drive faster and with a shorter following distance at road junctions if they have young passengers in the car.
① A  Friend  in  Need  Is  a  Friend  Indeed!
② What  Makes  Young  People  Drive  Carelessly?
③ Traffic  Violations:  A  Sign  of  Self­-Destruction
④ Differences  Between  Male  and  Female  Drivers
⑤ How  to  Protect  the  Young  from  Peer  Pressure

The turkey vulture is the most widespread vulture in the Americas. It ranges from southern Canada to the southernmost tip of South America, inhabiting subtropical forests, pastures, and deserts. The turkey vulture feeds almost exclusively on dead animals. It finds its food using its keen eyes and sense of smell, flying low enough to detect the gases produced by decaying animal bodies. It nests in caves and hollow trees. Each year, it generally raises two chicks. It has very few natural predators, and has legal protection in the United States under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.
① 아열대  숲,  목초지,  사막에서  서식한다.
② 죽은  동물을  주로  먹고  산다.
③ 시각과  청각을  이용하여  먹이를  찾는다.
④ 일반적으로  해마다  두  마리의  새끼를  기른다.
⑤ 천적이  거의  없고  법적  보호를  받는다.

The graph above shows the percentage of American people by age group who read at least one e­-book in 2012 and 2013. ① As a whole, the e­-book reading rates in 2013 were higher in each age group, compared to 2012. ② The percentage gap between 2012 and 2013 was the smallest for the eldest group. ③ The percentage of young adults aged 18­-29 who read one e­-book or more in 2012 almost doubled in 2013. ④ The e­-book reading rates of the second youngest group increased from 25% in 2012 to 42% in 2013. ⑤ About two out of ten American adults aged 50­-64 read at least one e­-book in 2012; more than half of the same age group did so in 2013.

2015 Free Medical Treatment  

2015 Free Medical Treatment will be offered to anyone who is unable to afford healthcare service, on the following dates and places:
■ July 31 & August 1 - Mrauk Oo Hotel
■ August 4 - Sittwe Alodawpyei Monastery

Anyone who would like to receive treatment should submit their name and contact information:
■ By July 24 at the very latest
■ To the community centers in their respective towns

This program is supported by The Rakhine National Social Welfare Organization.

For more information:
E­mail:contact@alodawpyei.org or ☎ (095)014-5002
① 거동이  불편한  사람들에  한해  제공된다.
② 3일  동안  Mrauk  Oo  Hotel에서  열린다.
③ 7월  24일까지  이름과  연락처를  제출해야  한다.
④ 지역  학교의  재정  지원을  받는다.
⑤ E­mail과  웹사이트를  통한  문의가  가능하다.

2015 River High School Senior Prom

Date:Saturday, May 16, 2015
Time:7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.
Dinner will be served at 7:45 p.m.

Ticket Sales

May 1~May 2 $50 (online at www.rhs.ac)
May 3~May 9 $75 (off­-line purchase only)

  *Prices include admission, dinner, beverages, dancing, and entertainment.
  *Off-­line purchases are available at the student center.

Rules
·Each student is allowed to purchase a maximum of three tickets.
·Prom attendees must arrive by 7 p.m.
·No one leaving the prom will be re­-admitted.

*prom:무도회
① 무도회  중에  저녁  식사가  제공된다.
② 5월  2일은  온라인으로  표를  구입할  수  있다.
③ 음료  비용이  표  가격에  포함되어  있다.
④ 한  학생당  최대  2매까지  표  구입이  가능하다.
⑤ 무도회에서  나가면  다시  입장하지  못한다.

The process of job advancement in the field of sports ① is often said to be shaped like a pyramid. That is, at the wide base are many jobs with high school athletic teams, while at the narrow tip are the few, highly desired jobs with professional organizations. Thus there are many sports jobs altogether, but the competition becomes ② increasingly tough as one works their way up. The salaries of various positions reflect this pyramid model. For example, high school football coaches are typically teachers who ③paid a little extra for their afterclass work. But coaches of the same sport at big universities can earn more than $1 million a year, causing the salaries of college presidents ④ to look small in comparison. One degree higher up is the National Football League, ⑤ where head coaches can earn many times more than their best-­paid campus counterparts.

When I was young, I played a game, power of observation, with my father. At first, I was terrible, but I’d get better. After 20 minutes, I felt like I was taking snapshots with my mind. ① He taught me that memory, or at least observation, is a muscle. I’ve been flexing it every day since then, or at least trying to. Whenever I miss ② him, I play the same game with my own son, who’s named after my father, Solomon. ③ He is better at it than I was. He is nearly ten years old, the age I was when my father died. I doubt this Solomon will grow up to be a writer. But it comforts me to know that whatever he does, he’ll go forth in the world with something handed down from my father even though ④ he wasn’t around to give it to Solomon directly. He was a truly good man, and a good father even if ⑤ he just didn’t have the longevity that I hoped.

Historical evidence points to workers being exploited by employers in the ① absence of appropriate laws. This means that workers are not always compensated for their ② contributions, for their increased productivity, as economic theory would suggest. Employers will be able to exploit workers if they are not legally ③ controlled. Thus, the minimum wage laws may be the only way to prevent many employees from working at wages that are ④ above the poverty line. This point of view means that minimum wage laws are a source of correcting for existing market failure, ⑤ enhancing the power of markets to create efficient results.

Ant colonies have their own personalities, which are ________________________. Having a personality means showing a consistent pattern of behavior over time. Colonies of several hundreds of ants show differences in the way they behave, just like individual people do. Researchers from the University of Arizona studied colonies of rock ants across the western US, both in the wild and in the lab. They found certain behaviors go together―for example, a colony that explores more widely for food also tends to respond more aggressively to an intruder. Such a colony has a more “risk­-taking” personality and this is more common in the north, where the climate is colder. The study suggests those more adventurous personalities could be an adaptation to the limited period of activity caused by the long, snowy northern climate.
① shaped  by  the  environment
② changed  by  power  relationship
③ the  driving  force  for  reproduction
④ formed  by  imitating  other  colonies
⑤ the  result  of  their  collective  behaviors

An illustration of the dangers of unrealistic optimism comes from a study of weight loss. In that study, psychologist Gabriele Oettingen found that the obese women who were confident that they would succeed lost 26 pounds more than self­-doubters, as expected. Meanwhile, Oettingen also asked the women to tell her what they imagined their roads to success would be like. The results were surprising: women who believed they would succeed easily lost 24 pounds less than those who thought their weight­-loss journeys would be hard. Believing that the road to success will be rocky leads to greater success, because it forces us to put in more effort and persist longer in the face of difficulty. It is necessary to cultivate our realistic optimism by combining a positive attitude with _____________________.
① a  critical  analysis  about  the  past
② systematic  management  of  health
③ a  tendency  to  have  flexible  ideas
④ an  unconditional  belief  in  success
⑤ an  honest  assessment  of  the  challenges

Different goods and services have different values. National income accounting requires measuring the value of production. The most common measure is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a year within a country’s borders. This definition excludes any production not traded on markets. For example, voluntary labor, such as fixing a friend’s bike or helping a neighbor with their lawnmower, constitutes unpaid service provision. It is not about a worker earning a wage or a consumer buying a service. In a similar fashion, housework performed by members of the household is not included in the GDP, even though the same work, when performed by paid house cleaners, is. These cases mean that the official GDP calculations ________________________.
① do  not  cover  all  the  actual  production
② reflect  the  value  of  unpaid  housework
③ ignore  the  principle  of  supply  and  demand
④ contain  the  total  amount  of  a  country’s  imports
⑤ include  the  profits  only  produced  by  foreign  trade

Fishing is the most obvious ocean­-based economic activity. People in many coastal areas make their living by fishing, and fish and shellfish make up a major part of their diet. ____(A)____, about one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein. In terms of fishing as an economic activity, the largest segment of world fisheries is commercial fishing. Fish caught by commercial fishermen include salmon, tuna, shellfish and other edible species such as squid. Consumers are used to buying these sea-foods in grocery stores, restaurants, and village markets around the world. ____(B)____, the supply is not infinite. As the world’s population swells, the demand for fishing products puts intense pressure on fish populations. The worldwide catch of ocean fish swelled from 81 million tons in 2003 to 148 million tons in 2010.
① Instead  ……  Likewise
② Instead  ……  However
③ In  fact  ……  Likewise
④ In  fact  ……  However
⑤ For  example  ……  Moreover

Black ice refers to a thin coating of glazed ice on a surface. While not truly black, it is virtually transparent, allowing black asphalt roadways or the surface below to be seen through it—hence the term “black ice”. ① Black ice is often practically invisible to drivers or persons stepping on it. ② There is, thus, a risk of sudden sliding and subsequent accidents. ③ To ensure safe driving, it is best to examine your car before starting. ④ On December 1, 2013, heavy post­-Thanksgiving weekend traffic encountered black ice on the westbound I-290 expressway in Worcester, Massachusetts. ⑤ A chain reaction series of crashes resulted, involving three tractor-­trailers and over 60 other vehicles.

That’s because she didn’t control for any other factors that could be related to both vitamin C and colds.

When researchers find that two variables are related, they often automatically leap to the conclusion that those two variables have a cause-­and­-effect relationship. ( ① ) For example, suppose a researcher found that people who took vitamin C every day reported having fewer colds than people who didn’t. ( ② ) Upon finding these results, she wrote a paper saying vitamin C prevents colds, using this data as evidence. ( ③ ) Now, while it may be true that vitamin C does prevent colds, this researcher’s study can’t claim that. ( ④ ) For example, people who take vitamin C every day may be more health-­conscious overall, washing their hands more often and exercising more. ( ⑤ ) Until you do a controlled experiment, you can’t make a cause-­and­-effect conclusion based on relationships you find.

*variable: 변인, 변수

Then one doctor suggested that the babies be held several times daily.

The need for touch may seem like common sense. ( ① ) However, in the early 1900s, people in Europe believed that touching newborns was not good for them and they thought that it would spread germs and make the babies weak and whiny. ( ② ) In the orphanages at that time, it was not permitted to cuddle newborn babies. ( ③ ) The babies were well fed and cared for, but many of them became ill. ( ④ ) The sick babies began to get better gradually. ( ⑤ ) Recent research that has confirmed the importance of touch for babies encourages parents and nurses to touch and stroke premature babies as much as possible.

The subjective approach to probability is based mostly on opinions, feelings, or hopes. Therefore, we don’t typically use this approach in real scientific attempts.

(A) But the probability of an event in either case is mostly subjective, and although this approach isn’t scientific, it sure makes for some great sports talk amongst the fans.

(B) Although the actual probability that the Ohio State football team will win the national championship is out there somewhere, no one knows what it is. Some fans will have ideas about what that chance is based on how much they love or hate Ohio State.

(C) Other people will take a slightly more scientific approach―evaluating players’ stats, analyzing all the statistics of the Ohio State team over the last 100 years, looking at the strength of the competition, and so on.

*probability: 확률
① (A)  －  (C)  －  (B)
② (B)  －  (A)  －  (C)
③ (B)  －  (C)  －  (A)
④ (C)  －  (A)  －  (B)
⑤ (C)  －  (B)  －  (A)

Keith Chen, a professor at Yale, had a question about what would happen if he could teach a group of monkeys to use money. Chen went to work with seven male monkeys at a lab.

(A) Once they learned how to use the coins, it turned out that individual monkeys had strong preferences for different treats. The monkey would exchange his coins for whichever food he preferred.

(B) So Chen gave the monkey a coin and then showed a treat. Whenever the monkey gave the coin back to Chen, he got the treat. It took months, but the monkeys eventually learned that the coins could buy the treats.

(C) When Chen gave a monkey a coin, he sniffed it and, after determining he couldn’t eat it, he tossed it aside. When Chen repeated this, the monkey started tossing the coin at him.
① (A)  －  (C)  －  (B)
② (B)  －  (A)  －  (C)
③ (B)  －  (C)  －  (A)
④ (C)  －  (A)  －  (B)
⑤ (C)  －  (B)  －  (A)

In today’s marketing and advertising­soaked world, people cannot escape brands. The younger they are when they start using a brand or product, the more likely they are to keep using it for years to come. But that’s not the only reason companies are aiming their marketing and advertising at younger consumers. As James U. McNeal, a professor at Texas A&M University, puts it, Seventy­-five percent of spontaneous food purchases can be traced to a nagging child. And one out of two mothers will buy a food simply because her child requests it. To trigger desire in a child is to trigger desire in the whole family. In other words, kids have power over spending in their households, they have power over their grandparents and they have power over their babysitters. That’s why companies use tricks to manipulate their minds.

Children can be ____(A)____ in marketing in and of themselves due to their ability to ____(B)____ their parents’ purchases.
① influential  ……  predict
② influential  ……  direct
③ analyzed  ……  calculate
④ analyzed  ……  overestimate
⑤ worthless  ……  underestimate

Years ago, the G.E. Company was faced with the delicate task of removing Charles Steinmetz from the head of a department. Steinmetz, a genius of the first magnitude when it came to electricity, was a failure as the head of the calculating department. Yet the company didn’t dare offend the man. He was indispensable - and highly sensitive. So they gave him a new title. They made him Consulting Engineer of G.E. - a new title for work he was already doing - and let someone else head up the department. Steinmetz was happy. So were the officers of G.E. They had done it without a storm by letting him save face.
How important, how vitally important that is! And how few of us ever stop to think of it! We do not think about the feelings of others, getting our own way, finding fault, and criticizing an employee in front of others, without ever considering the hurt to the other person’s pride. On the contrary, a few minutes’ thought, a considerate word or two, and a genuine understanding of the other person’s attitude would go so far toward relieving the hurt. Even if we are right and the other person is definitely wrong, we only destroy ego by causing someone to lose face. A legendary French author once wrote: I have no right to say or do anything that diminishes a man in his own eyes.What matters is not what we think of him, but what he thinks of himself. Hurting a man’s ______________  is a crime.
① Saving  Face,  a  Way  of  Saving  Pride
② Strategies  for  High­Speed  Promotion
③ Want  to  Become  a  Reliable  Employer?
④ Distrust:  A  Reason  for  Hurting  Relationships
⑤ Networking  and  Maintaining  Good  Connections

Years ago, the G.E. Company was faced with the delicate task of removing Charles Steinmetz from the head of a department. Steinmetz, a genius of the first magnitude when it came to electricity, was a failure as the head of the calculating department. Yet the company didn’t dare offend the man. He was indispensable - and highly sensitive. So they gave him a new title. They made him Consulting Engineer of G.E. - a new title for work he was already doing - and let someone else head up the department. Steinmetz was happy. So were the officers of G.E. They had done it without a storm by letting him save face.
How important, how vitally important that is! And how few of us ever stop to think of it! We do not think about the feelings of others, getting our own way, finding fault, and criticizing an employee in front of others, without ever considering the hurt to the other person’s pride. On the contrary, a few minutes’ thought, a considerate word or two, and a genuine understanding of the other person’s attitude would go so far toward relieving the hurt. Even if we are right and the other person is definitely wrong, we only destroy ego by causing someone to lose face. A legendary French author once wrote: I have no right to say or do anything that diminishes a man in his own eyes.What matters is not what we think of him, but what he thinks of himself. Hurting a man’s ______________  is a crime.
① dignity
② imagination
③ friendship
④ dream
⑤ independence

(A)
On Christmas Eve in 2002, the W­-Mart in Cleburne, Texas, was jammed and hectic. Dozens of people were waiting in long lines at checkout counters to purchase presents that would be next-­morning treasures under someone’s tree. Emily was standing in cashier Melissa’s line. Emily lived on government support. Her clothes were worn; (a) her hands were those of a person who’d worked hard for what she had.

(B)
And then an amazing thing happened. At the back of the line, a woman took out (b) her handbag, pulled out $100 and passed it forward. As the cash moved up the line, a twenty­-dollar bill was added here, a ten-­dollar bill there. Someone threw in a bunch of dollars. When the collection finally reached the register, Melissa counted $220. Strangers had fulfilled a poor woman’s Christmas wish to give her son his dream gift. The people in Melissa’s line in the Cleburne, Texas, W­Mart on that Christmas Eve had become one.

(C)
She held a single item in her arms as she patiently waited to move to the front of the line. Her son would get the one present he had asked for: a video game player. (c) She had saved all year for this; with tax, the total would be close to $220. As Melissa scanned the game player’s bar code into her register, the woman panicked. Where was her money? It wasn’t where (d) she remembered putting it earlier in the day. Her fear became obvious to the customers in line behind her as she started to cry.

(D)
‘Why my line?’ Melissa thought as she watched the frantic woman search through (e) her clothes. She was going to have to call her manager to cancel the sale and return the game player to a locked shelf. She’d have to shut down her checkout line and wait for the manager to come from another part of the crowded store. This was not something that any store manager or cashier wants on Christmas Eve.
① (B)  －  (D)  －  (C)
② (C)  －  (B)  －  (D)
③ (C)  －  (D)  －  (B)
④ (D)  －  (B)  －  (C)
⑤ (D)  －  (C)  －  (B)

(A)
On Christmas Eve in 2002, the W­-Mart in Cleburne, Texas, was jammed and hectic. Dozens of people were waiting in long lines at checkout counters to purchase presents that would be next-­morning treasures under someone’s tree. Emily was standing in cashier Melissa’s line. Emily lived on government support. Her clothes were worn; (a) her hands were those of a person who’d worked hard for what she had.

(B)
And then an amazing thing happened. At the back of the line, a woman took out (b) her handbag, pulled out $100 and passed it forward. As the cash moved up the line, a twenty­-dollar bill was added here, a ten-­dollar bill there. Someone threw in a bunch of dollars. When the collection finally reached the register, Melissa counted $220. Strangers had fulfilled a poor woman’s Christmas wish to give her son his dream gift. The people in Melissa’s line in the Cleburne, Texas, W­Mart on that Christmas Eve had become one.

(C)
She held a single item in her arms as she patiently waited to move to the front of the line. Her son would get the one present he had asked for: a video game player. (c) She had saved all year for this; with tax, the total would be close to $220. As Melissa scanned the game player’s bar code into her register, the woman panicked. Where was her money? It wasn’t where (d) she remembered putting it earlier in the day. Her fear became obvious to the customers in line behind her as she started to cry.

(D)
‘Why my line?’ Melissa thought as she watched the frantic woman search through (e) her clothes. She was going to have to call her manager to cancel the sale and return the game player to a locked shelf. She’d have to shut down her checkout line and wait for the manager to come from another part of the crowded store. This was not something that any store manager or cashier wants on Christmas Eve.
① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)

(A)
On Christmas Eve in 2002, the W­-Mart in Cleburne, Texas, was jammed and hectic. Dozens of people were waiting in long lines at checkout counters to purchase presents that would be next-­morning treasures under someone’s tree. Emily was standing in cashier Melissa’s line. Emily lived on government support. Her clothes were worn; (a) her hands were those of a person who’d worked hard for what she had.

(B)
And then an amazing thing happened. At the back of the line, a woman took out (b) her handbag, pulled out $100 and passed it forward. As the cash moved up the line, a twenty­-dollar bill was added here, a ten-­dollar bill there. Someone threw in a bunch of dollars. When the collection finally reached the register, Melissa counted $220. Strangers had fulfilled a poor woman’s Christmas wish to give her son his dream gift. The people in Melissa’s line in the Cleburne, Texas, W­Mart on that Christmas Eve had become one.

(C)
She held a single item in her arms as she patiently waited to move to the front of the line. Her son would get the one present he had asked for: a video game player. (c) She had saved all year for this; with tax, the total would be close to $220. As Melissa scanned the game player’s bar code into her register, the woman panicked. Where was her money? It wasn’t where (d) she remembered putting it earlier in the day. Her fear became obvious to the customers in line behind her as she started to cry.

(D)
‘Why my line?’ Melissa thought as she watched the frantic woman search through (e) her clothes. She was going to have to call her manager to cancel the sale and return the game player to a locked shelf. She’d have to shut down her checkout line and wait for the manager to come from another part of the crowded store. This was not something that any store manager or cashier wants on Christmas Eve.
① 낡은  옷을  입고  있었다.
② 여러  사람들로부터  도움을  받았다.
③ 아들에게  선물을  사주려고  했다.
④ 계산대에서  울음을  터뜨렸다.
⑤ 게임기를  반납하였다.