A number of studies have shown that the body weight and attitudes of a patient’s spouse can have a major impact on the amount of weight lost and on success in weight maintenance. Black & Threlfall found that overweight patients with normal-weight partners lost significantly more weight than those with overweight partners. They also noted that success was greater in those patients whose partners had also lost weight even though they were not included in the program, suggesting that recommended changes were being actively supported by the spouse. Similarly, Pratt found that drop-out rates were reduced when the patient’s spouse was included in a weight-control program.

My dog, Pinky, was a handful. But Pinky and I loved each other. Every day when I got off the school bus she’d bark, race to the end of her run and try to jump over the gate to greet me. That’s why I knew something was terribly wrong that afternoon last spring. Not a sound. Pinky’s run was empty. I searched the streets until my feet ached. No Pinky. None of my neighbors had seen her either. The next day I called the animal shelters. I examined the “dog found” ads in the paper. There were lots of them, but none matched my Pinky’s description. “Don’t worry,” Mom said. “We will put up lost dog signs and keep looking.” We checked the neighborhood for six days. Still Pinky didn’t turn up.

Have you been abroad? Do you travel a lot? Then you know what I’m talking about. Wherever you go on this globe, you can get along with English. Either most people speak it anyhow, or there is at least somebody around who can communicate in this language. But then, you realize that mostly there’s something you may find odd about the way English is used there. If you are abroad, English is likely to be somewhat different from the way you speak it. Well, if you stay there, wherever that is, for a while, you’ll get used to this. And if you stay there even longer, you may even pick up some of these features and begin to sound like the locals. What this example teaches us is:English is no longer just “one language.”

On behalf of the Board of Directors and Officers of the Heyerdahl Corporation, I would like to express sincere appreciation and congratulations to Davis Construction Company for successfully completing the reconstruction of our headquarters building in Woodtown, which was destroyed by fire last year. Your company has distinguished itself as a leader in the construction industry by performing what appeared to be an almost impossible task. Working under difficult conditions and accelerated construction schedules, your company completed the building on June 1, as scheduled. This accomplishment is a result of the fine group of professional engineers and skilled craftsmen you assembled on site, and of the individual skill and dedication of your project manager, David Wallace.

Language skills, like any other skills, can be acquired only through practice. In the case of the mother tongue, the child gets sufficient scope for this practice in his daily environment. And he has so many teachers: his parents, other members of the family, friends, relatives―almost everyone with whom he comes in contact in his day-to-day life. He also has the strongest motivation or urge to learn the language, for if he cannot express himself in his mother tongue, some of his basic needs are likely to remain unfulfilled. And what is perhaps most remarkable, the child practices the language without being conscious of the fact that he is learning a highly complex code.

The Internet is wonderful in so many different ways. It has transformed the way we live. We can contact people instantly, wherever they are. We can plan things together, without ever needing to meet. We have access to a world of information at the click of a mouse. But on the other hand, the Internet glues us to our computer monitors and isolates us from our fellow human beings. We will now e-mail someone a message, rather than call them up or walk ten yards to the next office to say hello. We need to create a balance between the World Wide Web and the real wide world we live in. Turn your computer off for one day a week, leave your laptop at home, get out into the real world and live your life.

The leopard shark got its name because of its dark brown markings similar to those found in leopards. Their size is rather average at only 5 to 6 feet in length. These sharks live in the warm waters of the Eastern Pacific region. They may also be found in sandy bays. Their favorite foods include shrimps and crabs. But they will also eat fish eggs. The leopard shark catches its prey by generating a suction force as it expands its buccal cavity. It will then secure food using its teeth. One of the most interesting features of the leopard sharks is their three-pointed teeth. Like some sharks, female leopard sharks lay eggs and hatch them inside their bodies. They keep their babies for twelve months until live birth occurs. A single birth can produce 33 pups. They are among the sharks which are not considered as a threat to humans.

*buccal cavity: 입속, 구강

Los Angeles Zoo & Botanical Gardens

Hours
Monday – Sunday:10 a.m. – 5 p.m.Closed on December 25The zoo starts putting animals in for the night at 4 p.m. Ticket sales end one hour prior to closing time.

General Admission Prices
Adults (ages 13 and up):$19
Seniors (ages 62 and up):$16
Children (ages 2 to 12):$14
Children (under 2):FREE

Parking
Parking is FREE. (On select days throughout the year, the L.A. Zoo offers a Preferred Parking Program for a $6 fee. The Preferred Parking Program operates on busy, peak attendance days.)

Protect and Respect
Please do not feed the animals. All of the zoo’s animals need special diets to stay healthy and the wrong food can make them sick. Feeding the animals may result in removal from the zoo.

Carol was new to the United States. One of her friends called to invite ① her to lunch. She offered to pick her up on the corner of 34th Street and Fifth Avenue at 11:30 a.m. Carol arrived a little early and was standing on the corner waiting for her friend when ② she noticed a sign above her head. It said, “No Standing.” Carol didn’t know what to do. She moved away from the sign and started walking back and forth on the street. She was happy to see her friend arrive and couldn’t wait to get into ③ her car. She excitedly explained that it was a bad idea to meet at that corner because people aren’t allowed to stand there. ④ Her friend said, “What are you talking about? Of course you can stand there.” “No,” ⑤ she said, “the sign says ‘No Standing’.” Her friend burst into laughter. “That means we cannot park cars there, but we can stop to pick up passengers.”

The graph above shows the percentage of the population that volunteered on each day of the week in 2013 in the United States. ① As you can see, the most popular day of the week for volunteering was Sunday. ② The day when the percentage of the population was the least, however, was Monday with 5.6 percent. ③ Interestingly, people tended to do volunteer work at the same rate on Wednesday and Thursday, but did slightly more on Tuesday. ④ The percentage gap between Monday and Tuesday was less than the one between Saturday and Sunday. ⑤ The percentage point difference between the day with the highest rate and that with the lowest was 2.3 percentage points.

Eastside University Summer School

  ■ A seven-week program:
    You’ll experience a summer of challenge, discovery, and growth.
  ■ Who should apply?
   This program is open to high school students who will graduate in 2016.   
  ■ What can you expect?
   You’ll conduct research in the largest university library in the world.
  ■ Cost:
     You’ll pay from $920 to $1,140 depending on how many classes you register for.
  ■ For more information:
     Tel:495-1234, Fax:998-1234
     E-mail:abc@dcemail.eastside.edu

Alfred Chandler was Professor of Business History in the Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. He was an economic historian (A) whose / which work has centered on the study of business history and, in particular, administration. He long argued that this is a much neglected area in the study of recent history. His studies of big business (B) have / has been carried out with grants from a number of sources including the Alfred P.Sloan Foundation. His work has been internationally (C) recognizing / recognized, his book The Visible Hand being awarded the Pulitzer Prize for History and the Bancroft Prize. Chandler taught at a variety of universities in the US and Europe.

In Ontario, there is an old-growth forest near Temagami. Some people want to cut down the trees for lumber. Others want to keep it as it is: they believe it is (A) common / unique and must be protected for coming generations. Many people are somewhere in the middle, wanting some use and some protection. Most people are in favor of using our resources wisely. They prefer practices that make our resources (B) sustainable / unsustainable. That is, we should use our resources wisely now and we will still have more for the future. We are all responsible for looking after the environment. We can learn from First Nations’ people who have long known the importance of (C) changing / preserving the environment for future generations. What you inherited and live with will become the inheritance of future generations.

*First Nations’ people: 캐나다 원주민

Every leader starts in his inner circle, the comfort zone. This is the place where we operate from what we are comfortable with, where we know well what we are capable of and can consistently achieve expected outcomes and results. The goal of the next zone is to push out beyond that area and begin to learn new things. This is known as the learning zone. In a new environment or area, we have to adapt and learn to perform in new ways. Beyond the learning zone lies the courage zone. In this zone, we continue to learn, but the learning curve is steeper because we are challenged to accomplish greater and more difficult things that take a fair amount of courage to achieve. The outermost circle is known as the ______________ zone ― because once we have mastered the new learning and mustered the courage to experiment with all the new knowledge, we will really start to perform differently from before.

*muster: 발휘하다

In a study of 500 marriages, one researcher determined that marital success is more closely linked to ___________________ than to any other factor. Above all, get rid of distractions: the TV, the Internet, and e-mail. What you and your spouse need is quality time to talk. My wife and I have some of our best talks on our evening walks. A quiet drive can work wonders too. One hardworking couple I know regularly gets together for lunch. They know it’s essential. A marriage without time to communicate is a marriage headed over a cliff. How can you settle differences if you don’t honestly talk them out? And it’s not just talking. It’s listening. As a counselor, I’ve listened to people for hours. The results are incredible. I’ve seen people move from total confusion to total clarity just because I listened to them. Something powerful happens inside most people when they are listened to.

Friends. Can you imagine what life would be like without them? Who would you hang out with during lunch? Who would you tell about the new boy in your history class? Let’s face it. Without friends, the world would be a pretty lonely place. Although friends and friendship mean different things to different people, most people realize that friends are pretty important. While it’s fun to read what other people have said about friendship, what matters most is what you think of when you hear the word “friend.” ____________________________________  has a lot to do with what kind of friend you are. If, for instance, you believe that loyalty goes hand in hand with friendship, you are probably a loyal friend yourself. If you believe a friend is someone who’ll go out of her way for you, maybe just to pick up a homework assignment you missed when you were sick, it’s likely that you’d also go out of your way for your friends.

Observing a child’s play, particularly fantasy play, can be seen to provide particularly rich insights into a child’s inner world. Interpretation of what you have observed must, ___(A)___, be made with care since the functions of play are complex and not fully understood. It would be unwise to jump to conclusions about what a child is communicating through it. Scenes a child acts out may give us clues about their past experiences, or their wishes for the future; these scenes may represent what has actually happened, what they wish would happen, or a confusion of events and feelings that they are struggling to make sense of. ___(B)___, we can say that observation is a valuable tool to understand a child, but one that should always be employed with caution.

Doctors Without Borders, also known as Médecins Sans Frontières or MSF, was founded in 1971 by a small group of French doctors. They believed that all people have the right to medical care regardless of race, religion, gender, and political belief. ① It was the first non-governmental organization to provide emergency medical assistance. ② A private, nonprofit organization, MSF is at the forefront of emergency health care as well as care for populations suffering from endemic diseases. ③ It provides primary health care, performs surgery, runs nutrition programs, trains local medical personnel, and provides mental health care. ④ Health care, a primary concern of many people, is limited to developed countries. ⑤ Through longer-term programs, this organization treats chronic diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness, and AIDS; and brings health care to remote, isolated areas where resources and training are limited.

*endemic diseases: 풍토병

There are many situations where other people try to influence our mood by changing the atmosphere of the environment; probably you have already done the same.

(A) The low-level light of the candle puts her in a relaxed spirit. And finally, romantic music does the rest to make the wife willing to accept the husband’s apology for the mistake.

(B) For example, let us imagine that a man is in the unfortunate situation where he forgot his wedding anniversary. The man tries to rescue the situation by preparing a self-cooked, candlelit dinner for his wife with romantic background music.

(C) Whether or not he is aware of it, a candlelit dinner is a fantastic way to influence a person’s mood. When the man’s wife enters the room, she is surprised by the delicious aroma of the outstanding dinner he has prepared.

Have you ever measured the length of a room using your feet as the unit of measurement? Around 3,000 B.C., ancient Egyptians developed the cubit system of measurement.

(A) Of course, the length of a cubit varied from person to person. So Egypt established a standard cubit, called the Royal Cubit. It was based on the length of the Pharaoh’s forearm. The Royal Cubit was a piece of black granite about 52.3 centimeters long.

(B) It was based on the lengths of parts of the arm and hand, rather than the foot. The Egyptian cubit was the length of a forearm from the tip of the elbow to the end of the middle finger. The cubit was subdivided into smaller units of spans, palms, digits, and parts of digits.

(C) Although the royal architect kept the Royal Cubit, wooden copies were distributed throughout the land. The cubit sticks must have been very accurate, because the lengths of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Giza vary by only a few centimeters.

*granite:화강암

Other research, however, suggests that, as a whole, women may feel more stress than men.

Fundamental differences may exist between men and women. ( ① ) Perhaps as a child you remember going to your mother when you broke that garage window with a baseball. ( ② ) You went to your mother instead of your father, because mom would be less likely to be upset. ( ③ ) A study at Ohio State University found that women’s blood pressure rises less than men’s in response to an objective stressor. ( ④ ) Ronald Kessler did a Harvard study and found that women feel stress more often because they generally take a more far-reaching view of life. ( ⑤ ) For example, women may worry about many things at a time, while many men can classify their worries, dealing with only one problem or stressor before moving on to the next one.

The researchers found that even when the students knew the solution to the first problem, the vast majority did not think to apply a similar solution to the second problem.

Students may not spontaneously bring their prior knowledge to bear on new learning situations. ( ① ) It is important to help students activate prior knowledge so they can build on it productively. ( ② ) Indeed, research suggests that even small instructional interventions can activate students’ relevant prior knowledge to positive effect. ( ③ ) For instance, in one famous study by Gick and Holyoak, college students were presented with two problems that required them to apply a certain mathematical concept. ( ④ ) However, when the instructor suggested to students that they think about the second problem in relation to the first, 80 percent of the student participants were able to solve it. ( ⑤ ) In other words, with minor prompts and simple reminders, instructors can activate relevant prior knowledge so that students draw on it more effectively.

We must be careful when looking at proverbs as expressing aspects of a certain worldview or mentality of a people. That is, no fixed conclusions about a so-called “national character” should be drawn. There are so many popular proverbs from classical, Biblical, and medieval times current in various cultures that it would be foolish to think of them as showing some imagined national character. Nevertheless, the frequent use of certain proverbs in a particular culture could be used together with other social and cultural indicators to form some common concepts. Thus, if the Germans really do use the proverb, “Morgenstunde hat Gold im Munde” (The morning hour has gold in its mouth) with high frequency, then it does mirror at least to some degree the German attitude towards getting up early.

Although proverbs can not directly ____(A)____ national character, the frequent use of certain proverbs is likely to form ____(B)____ concepts of a nation.
  

  
(A)
  
(B)

On Jan. 13, 1989, the 27-year-old Italian interior designer, Stefania Follini, went down into a cave near Carlsbad, N. Mex., where she was to live for more than four months as part of an experiment aimed at examining how the stresses of long-term isolation could affect space travel. Pioneer Frontier Explorations, an Italian research foundation, had selected Follini, one of 20 volunteers for the assignment, because she was judged to have inner strength and stamina. For 131 days she lived there alone in a 6 meter by 12 meter Plexiglas module sealed 9 meters under the surface, without sunlight or any other way of measuring time.
After about four months, she returned aboveground on schedule. But by her calculations it was only mid-March. During Follini’s underground stay, her sense of time seemed to be longer. Her “day” extended to 25 hours, then to 48 hours. She tended to sleep for 22 to 24 hours, then burst into activity for up to 30 hours. In short, her ___________________ had gone out of order.

On Jan. 13, 1989, the 27-year-old Italian interior designer, Stefania Follini, went down into a cave near Carlsbad, N. Mex., where she was to live for more than four months as part of an experiment aimed at examining how the stresses of long-term isolation could affect space travel. Pioneer Frontier Explorations, an Italian research foundation, had selected Follini, one of 20 volunteers for the assignment, because she was judged to have inner strength and stamina. For 131 days she lived there alone in a 6 meter by 12 meter Plexiglas module sealed 9 meters under the surface, without sunlight or any other way of measuring time.
After about four months, she returned aboveground on schedule. But by her calculations it was only mid-March. During Follini’s underground stay, her sense of time seemed to be longer. Her “day” extended to 25 hours, then to 48 hours. She tended to sleep for 22 to 24 hours, then burst into activity for up to 30 hours. In short, her ___________________ had gone out of order.

(A)
When my wife, Rebecca, was a junior at Madison High School in Idaho, a sign-up sheet for the Madison Talent Contest was passed around in class. She, along with many other students, signed up. Linda, who sat next to (a) her, passed the sheet without signing it. “Sign up, Linda,” insisted Rebecca. “Oh, no. I couldn’t do that.” “Come on. It will be fun.” “No, really. I’m not the type.” “Sure you are. I think you’d be great!” said Rebecca.

(B)
But, like Rebecca, the director insisted that Linda participate. Reluctantly, she agreed. Linda noted that although she hadn’t won a single title or award, she had overcome an even bigger obstacle: her low perception of herself. In her letter, Linda thanked Rebecca from deep within for, in essence, taking off (b) her warped glasses, shattering them against the floor, and insisting she try on a new pair of glasses.

*warped:뒤틀린

(C)
Rebecca and others continued to encourage Linda until she finally signed up. Rebecca didn’t think anything of the situation at the time. However, seven years later, she received a letter from Linda describing the inner struggle (c) she had gone through that day and thanking Rebecca for being the spark that helped her change her life.

(D)
Linda wrote how she suffered from a poor self-image in high school and was shocked that Rebecca would consider (d) her a candidate for the contest. She had finally agreed to sign up just to get Rebecca and the others off her back. Linda said she was so uncomfortable about being in the contest that (e) she contacted the contest director the following day and demanded her name be removed from the list.

(A)
When my wife, Rebecca, was a junior at Madison High School in Idaho, a sign-up sheet for the Madison Talent Contest was passed around in class. She, along with many other students, signed up. Linda, who sat next to (a) her, passed the sheet without signing it. “Sign up, Linda,” insisted Rebecca. “Oh, no. I couldn’t do that.” “Come on. It will be fun.” “No, really. I’m not the type.” “Sure you are. I think you’d be great!” said Rebecca.

(B)
But, like Rebecca, the director insisted that Linda participate. Reluctantly, she agreed. Linda noted that although she hadn’t won a single title or award, she had overcome an even bigger obstacle: her low perception of herself. In her letter, Linda thanked Rebecca from deep within for, in essence, taking off (b) her warped glasses, shattering them against the floor, and insisting she try on a new pair of glasses.

*warped:뒤틀린

(C)
Rebecca and others continued to encourage Linda until she finally signed up. Rebecca didn’t think anything of the situation at the time. However, seven years later, she received a letter from Linda describing the inner struggle (c) she had gone through that day and thanking Rebecca for being the spark that helped her change her life.

(D)
Linda wrote how she suffered from a poor self-image in high school and was shocked that Rebecca would consider (d) her a candidate for the contest. She had finally agreed to sign up just to get Rebecca and the others off her back. Linda said she was so uncomfortable about being in the contest that (e) she contacted the contest director the following day and demanded her name be removed from the list.

(A)
When my wife, Rebecca, was a junior at Madison High School in Idaho, a sign-up sheet for the Madison Talent Contest was passed around in class. She, along with many other students, signed up. Linda, who sat next to (a) her, passed the sheet without signing it. “Sign up, Linda,” insisted Rebecca. “Oh, no. I couldn’t do that.” “Come on. It will be fun.” “No, really. I’m not the type.” “Sure you are. I think you’d be great!” said Rebecca.

(B)
But, like Rebecca, the director insisted that Linda participate. Reluctantly, she agreed. Linda noted that although she hadn’t won a single title or award, she had overcome an even bigger obstacle: her low perception of herself. In her letter, Linda thanked Rebecca from deep within for, in essence, taking off (b) her warped glasses, shattering them against the floor, and insisting she try on a new pair of glasses.

*warped:뒤틀린

(C)
Rebecca and others continued to encourage Linda until she finally signed up. Rebecca didn’t think anything of the situation at the time. However, seven years later, she received a letter from Linda describing the inner struggle (c) she had gone through that day and thanking Rebecca for being the spark that helped her change her life.

(D)
Linda wrote how she suffered from a poor self-image in high school and was shocked that Rebecca would consider (d) her a candidate for the contest. She had finally agreed to sign up just to get Rebecca and the others off her back. Linda said she was so uncomfortable about being in the contest that (e) she contacted the contest director the following day and demanded her name be removed from the list.