Dear Ms. Molly Oliver,

This is Mark Foster, one of the volunteers for the Auditory Frog and Toad Survey. Unfortunately, I was not able to participate in the orientation last weekend, so I could not receive training in distinguishing the sounds of frogs and toads. I heard from another participant that a CD was used in the training session. I was wondering if you could send me one. Since we have ten more days before the survey begins, I’ll have enough time to receive and use the CD to train myself. You can send it to me at the address in my application. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. Thank you.

Sincerely,
Mark Foster

When she heard the dogs barking fiercely on the floor just above her, she trembled uncontrollably for fear of being caught. Drops of cold sweat rolled down her back. Before slipping into the hold of the boat, she had scattered powder, which Swedish scientists had developed, unnoticeably on the floor above in order to distract the dogs. But she knew that these dogs were so well trained that they could smell her, even though a load of fish had been dumped over her hiding place. She held her hands together tightly and tried not to make any noise. She was not sure how long she could stay like that. To her relief, it wasn’t long before a whistle called the dogs out, leaving her unfound. She relaxed her hands and exhaled a deep breath. She felt safe now.

Have you ever met someone while you were experiencing significant emotional, psychological, or physical stress? Perhaps you stayed up all night studying for a final, or maybe you learned that a grandparent recently died. You likely exhibited behaviors that are not consistent with how you usually act. Meeting someone when you are extremely stressed can create an inaccurate impression of you. For this reason, recognize that our first impressions of others also may be perceptual errors. To help avoid committing these errors, engage in perception checking, which means that we consider a series of questions to confirm or challenge our perceptions of others and their behaviors. For example, see if you can provide two possible interpretations for the verbal and nonverbal behavior observed and seek clarification of it in order to determine the accuracy of your evaluation.

When we see a happy face (or an angry one), it subtly generates the corresponding emotion in us. To the degree we take on the pace, posture, and facial expression of another person, we start to inhabit their emotional space; as our body mimics the other’s, we begin to experience emotional matching. Our nervous system is automatically set to engage in this emotional empathy. But how well we use this capacity is largely a learned ability. Animals－and people－who have been raised in extreme social isolation are poor at reading emotional cues in those around them not because they lack the basic circuitry for empathy but because, lacking emotional tutors, they have never learned to pay attention to these messages and so haven’t practiced this skill.

When we hear a story, we look for beliefs that are being commented upon. Any story has many possible beliefs inherent in it. But how does someone listening to a story find those beliefs? We find them by looking through the beliefs we already have. We are not as concerned with what we are hearing as we are with finding what we already know that is relevant. Picture it in this way. As understanders, we have a list of beliefs, indexed by subject area. When a new story appears, we attempt to find a belief of ours that relates to it. When we do, we find a story attached to that belief and compare the story in our memory to the one we are processing. Our understanding of the new story becomes, at that point, a function of the old story. Once we find a belief and connected story, we need no further processing; that is, the search for other beliefs stops.

Savannas pose a bit of a problem for ecologists. There is an axiom in ecology that ‘complete competitors cannot coexist’: in other words, where two populations of organisms use exactly the same resources, one would be expected to do so slightly more efficiently than the other and therefore come to dominate in the long term. In temperate parts of the world, either trees dominate (in forests) or grasses dominate (in grasslands). Yet, in savannas grasses and trees coexist. The classic explanation proposes that trees have deep roots while grasses have shallow roots. The two plant types are therefore able to coexist because they are not in fact competitors: the trees increase in wetter climates and on sandier soils because more water is able to penetrate to the deep roots. Trees do indeed have a few small roots which penetrate to great depth, but most of their roots are in the top half-metre of the soil, just where the grass roots are.

* axiom: 원리, 공리

The graph above shows the Western Hemisphere oil production per day in 2010 and proven oil reserves as of 2011 for selected countries. ① The United States recorded 9.65 million barrels of daily oil production in 2010, the greatest daily oil production among the countries shown on the graph. ② Canada had the second largest daily oil production followed by Mexico and Brazil, with Venezuela recording the lowest among the five countries in 2010. ③ As for proven oil reserves, however, Venezuela recorded the largest amount among these countries in 2011, possessing 211.2 billion barrels, followed by Canada with 175.2 billion barrels. ④ In 2011, the sum of the proven oil reserves of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil was greater than those of Venezuela. ⑤ Brazil had larger proven oil reserves than Mexico in 2011, but the daily oil production of Brazil was lower than that of Mexico in 2010.

* proven oil reserves: 확인된 석유 매장량

Sequoyah, a Cherokee Indian, was born in about 1770 in Taskigi, now in Tennessee. Raised by his Cherokee mother, the young Sequoyah never learned to read or write English. While interacting with English speakers, he realized the necessity of a writing system for the Cherokee people. In about 1809, Sequoyah began developing a system of writing, adapting letters from English, Greek, and Hebrew. By 1821, he had created a system of 86 symbols, representing all the syllables of the Cherokee language. The Cherokee people began to use the system in their schools and publish books and newspapers in their language. In 1824, the General Council of the Eastern Cherokees awarded Sequoyah a medal in honor of his accomplishment. Sequoyah moved to Oklahoma some years later and died in what is now Texas in 1843. And later, people remembered him by naming a certain tree species “Sequoia.”

* syllable: 음절

Kingston Badminton Program

Are you looking for a simple and effective sports program? Then check out the Kingston Badminton Program and choose one of our courses taught by the most experienced badminton coaches.

• Course sessions will be held three days a week (Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays) for 4 weeks from June 20 to July 15.

3:00 p.m.－4:00 p.m.: Ages 7－10
4:30 p.m.－5:30 p.m.: Ages 11－14
6:00 p.m.－7:00 p.m.: Ages 15 and up

• The tuition fee is $50 per person with a free personal locker.

• The deadline for registration is June 10.

• Badminton rackets and shuttlecocks are provided.

For further information, call the Kingston Community Center at 322－480－5267.

16th Springvale Book Festival

Saturday, June 4, 10 a.m.－5 p.m.
Springvale Public Library
(4536 Main Street, Springvale, WI)

Mark your calendar for the 16th Springvale Book Festival. This is your big chance to meet the nation’s BEST authors and discuss their works.

Authors will be speaking at the main hall on the 2nd floor from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.

Note: Authors will be signing books in the lobby, so please bring your own personal copies or you can purchase books on site.

Get the most out of your big day by downloading the festival app at our website (www.spvbf.org). It features a complete list of all events & locations, maps, and ways to share it all via social media.

All programs will be FREE of charge!

Please visit our website for more information about the festival.

If an animal is innately programmed for some type of behaviour, then there ① are likely to be biological clues. It is no accident that fish have bodies which are streamlined and ② smooth, with fins and a powerful tail. Their bodies are structurally adapted for moving fast through the water. Similarly, if you found a dead bird or mosquito, you could guess by looking at ③ its wings that flying was its normal mode of transport. However, we must not be over-optimistic. Biological clues are not essential. The extent to which they are ④ finding varies from animal to animal and from activity to activity. For example, it is impossible to guess from their bodies that birds make nests, and, sometimes, animals behave in a way quite contrary to ⑤ what might be expected from their physical form: ghost spiders have tremendously long legs, yet they weave webs out of very short threads. To a human observer, their legs seem a great hindrance as they spin and move about the web.

In 2001, researchers at Wayne State University asked a group of college volunteers to exercise for twenty minutes at a (A) preset / self-selected pace on each of three machines: a treadmill, a stationary bike, and a stair climber. Measurements of heart rate, oxygen consumption, and perceived effort were taken throughout all three workouts. The researchers expected to find that the subjects unconsciously targeted the same relative physiological intensity in each activity. Perhaps they would (B) automatically / intentionally exercise at 65 percent of their maximum heart rate regardless of which machine they were using. Or maybe they would instinctively settle into rhythm at 70 percent of their maximum rate of oxygen consumption in all three workouts. But that’s not what happened. There was, in fact, no (C) consistency / variation in measurements of heart rate and oxygen consumption across the three disciplines. Instead, the subjects were found to have chosen the same level of perceived effort on the treadmill, the bike, and the stair climber.

* treadmill: 러닝머신 ** physiological: 생리학적인

In the summer of 1972, the actor Anthony Hopkins was signed to play a leading role in a film based on George Feifer’s novel The Girl from Petrovka. That is why ① he traveled to London to buy a copy of the book. Unfortunately, none of the main London bookstores had a copy. Then, on his way home, waiting for an underground train at Leicester Square tube station, he saw a discarded book lying on the seat next to ② him. It was a copy of The Girl from Petrovka. As if that was not coincidence enough, more was to follow. Later, when ③ he had a chance to meet the author, Hopkins told him about this strange occurrence. Feifer was interested. He said to ④ him that in November 1971 he had lent a friend a copy of the book—a unique copy in which he had made notes on turning the British English into American English for the publication of an American version—but his friend had lost the copy in London. A quick check of the copy Hopkins had found showed that it was the very same copy that ⑤ his friend had mislaid.

Once a hand or gripper has been directed to an object by reaching, it can be grasped. Grasping requires that fingers hold an object securely. A secure grip is one in which the object won’t slip or move, especially when displaced by an external force. Your grasp on a hammer, for example, would not be secure if knocking against something caused you to drop it. One precondition of a firm grasp is that the forces applied by the fingers balance each other so as not to disturb the object’s position. The characteristics of an object such as its geometric configuration and mass distribution may demand that some fingers apply greater force than others to maintain ___________. The grasp and support forces must also match overall object mass and fragility. An egg requires a more delicate touch than a rock.

* geometric configuration: 기하학적 형태
** fragility: 부서지기 쉬움

What story could be harsher than that of the Great Auk, the large black-and-white seabird that in northern oceans took the ecological place of a penguin? Its tale rises and falls like a Greek tragedy, with island populations savagely destroyed by humans until almost all were gone. Then the very last colony found safety on a special island, one protected from the destruction of humankind by vicious and unpredictable ocean currents. These waters presented no problem to perfectly adapted seagoing birds, but they prevented humans from making any kind of safe landing. After enjoying a few years of comparative safety, disaster of a different kind struck the Great Auk. Volcanic activity caused the island refuge to sink completely beneath the waves, and surviving individuals were forced to find shelter elsewhere. The new island home they chose ____________________________________________ in one terrible way. Humans could access it with comparative ease, and they did! Within just a few years the last of this once-plentiful species was entirely eliminated.

* savagely: 잔혹하게

It is not hard to see that a strong economy, where opportunities are plentiful and jobs go begging,  ____________________________________________. Biased employers may still dislike hiring members of one group or another, but when nobody else is available, discrimination most often gives way to the basic need to get the work done. The same goes for employees with prejudices about whom they do and do not like working alongside. In the American construction boom of the late 1990s, for example, even the carpenters’ union—long known as a “traditional bastion of white men, a world where a coveted union card was handed down from father to son”—began openly encouraging women, blacks, and Hispanics to join its internship program. At least in the workplace, jobs chasing people obviously does more to promote a fluid society than people chasing jobs.

* bastion: 요새 ** coveted: 부러움을 사는

One remarkable aspect of aboriginal culture is the concept of “totemism,” where the tribal member at birth assumes the soul and identity of a part of nature. This view of the earth and its riches as an intrinsic part of oneself clearly rules out mistreatment of the environment because this would only constitute a destruction of self. Totems are more than objects. They include spiritual rituals, oral histories, and the organization of ceremonial lodges where records of the past travel routes of the soul can be exchanged with others and converted to mythology. The primary motivation is the preservation of tribal myths and a consolidation and sharing of every individual’s origins in nature. The aborigines see ____________________________________________________, through a hierarchy of totems that connect to their ancestral origins, a cosmology that places them at one with the earth, and behavior patterns that respect ecological balance.

* aboriginal: 원주민의 ** consolidation: 병합, 강화

Roles are like a fence. They allow us a certain amount of freedom, but for most of us that freedom doesn’t go very far. Suppose that a woman decides that she is not going to wear dresses—or a man that he will not wear suits and ties regardless of what anyone says. ① In most situations, they’ll stick to their decision. ② When a formal occasion comes along, however, such as a family wedding or a funeral, they are likely to cave in to norms that they find overwhelming. ③ The increasing social pressure discourages us from fulfilling the social norms and committing ourselves to shared social conventions of behaviour. ④ Almost all of us follow the guidelines for what is “appropriate” for our roles. ⑤ Few of us are bothered by such restrictions, for our socialization is so thorough that we usually want to do what our roles indicate is appropriate.

The ancient Greeks sought to improve memory through brain training methods such as memory palaces and the method of loci. At the same time, they and the Egyptians became experts at externalizing information, inventing the modern library, a grand storehouse for externalized knowledge.

(A) This need isn’t simply learned; it is a biological imperative— animals organize their environments instinctively. Most mammals are biologically programmed to put their digestive waste away from where they eat and sleep.

(B) We don’t know why these simultaneous explosions of intellectual activity occurred when they did (perhaps daily human experience had hit a certain level of complexity). But the human need to organize our lives, our environment, even our thoughts, remains strong.

(C) Dogs have been known to collect their toys and put them in baskets; ants carry off dead members of the colony to burial grounds; certain birds and rodents create barriers around their nests in order to more easily detect invaders.

* method of loci: 장소를 활용한 기억법 ** rodent: 설치류 동물

Imitation seems to be a key to the transmission of valuable practices among nonhumans. The most famous example is that of the macaque monkeys on the island of Koshima in Japan.

(A) In the early 1950s, Imo, a one-year-old female macaque, somehow hit upon the idea of washing her sweet potatoes in a stream before eating them. Soon it was hard to find a Koshima macaque who wasn’t careful to wash off her sweet potato before eating it.

(B) Imo, though, realized that if you threw a handful of wheat and sand into the ocean, the sand would sink and the wheat would float. Again, within a few years most of her fellow macaques were throwing wheat and sand into the sea and obtaining the benefits.

(C) A few years later, Imo introduced another innovation. Researchers on the island occasionally gave the monkeys wheat (in addition to sweet potatoes). But the wheat was given to them on the beach, where it quickly became mixed with sand.

That is why people experience jet lag when traveling across time zones.

In humans, body clocks are responsible for daily changes in blood pressure, body temperature, hormones, hunger, and thirst, as well as our sleep-wake cycles. ( ① ) These biological rhythms, which we experience as internal time, are probably older than sleep, developed over the course of millions of years of evolution. ( ② ) They facilitate physiological and behavioral changes on a roughly twenty-four-hour cycle no matter what is happening outside, whether a cold front moves in or clouds block the light of the sun. ( ③ ) Their internal clocks continue to run in accordance with the place they left behind, not the one to which they have come, and it can take some time to realign the two. ( ④ ) The most remarkable thing is that our internal body clocks can be readjusted by environmental cues. ( ⑤ ) We may get jet lag for a few days when we ask our body clocks to adapt to a vastly different schedule of day and night cycles on the other side of the Earth, but they can do it.

* facilitate: 쉽게 하다 ** realign: 재조정하다

For example, the first step in servicing or installing equipment is talking with the clients to understand how they used the equipment.

The customer service representatives in an electronics firm under major restructuring were told they had to begin selling service contracts for their equipment in addition to installing and repairing them. This generated a great deal of resistance. ( ① ) To the service representatives, learning to sell was a very different game from what they had been playing. ( ② ) But it turned out they already knew a lot more about sales than they thought. ( ③ ) The same is true in selling. ( ④ ) The salesperson first has to learn about the customer’s needs. ( ⑤ ) The service representatives also had a great deal of product knowledge and hands-on experience, which is obviously important in sales.

Lawyers and scientists use argument to mean a summary of evidence and principles leading to a conclusion; however, a scientific argument is different from a legal argument. A prosecuting attorney constructs an argument to persuade the judge or a jury that the accused is guilty; a defense attorney in the same trial constructs an argument to persuade the same judge or jury toward the opposite conclusion. Neither prosecutor nor defender is obliged to consider anything that weakens their respective cases. On the contrary, scientists construct arguments because they want to test their own ideas and give an accurate explanation of some aspect of nature. Scientists can include any evidence or hypothesis that supports their claim, but they must observe one fundamental rule of professional science. They must include all of the known evidence and all of the hypotheses previously proposed. Unlike lawyers, scientists must explicitly account for the possibility that they might be wrong.

Unlike lawyers, who utilize information ____(A)____ to support their arguments, scientists must include all information even if some of it is unlikely to ____(B)____ their arguments.

The idea of protecting intellectual activity and creation has deep roots. The ancient Greeks used an awards system to ____(A)____ design achievements, which performed some of the same functions as the modern patent system. Their pottery, sculptures, and other manufactured goods had symbols on them to note the tradesmen who created them, which are the predecessors of modern trademarks. Similar marks and symbols functioning as trademarks have been found on Chinese pottery, possibly dating as far back as 2698 BCE, and in many other ancient societies, including the Egyptians, the Assyrians, and the Vedic civilization.
The concept of intellectual property continued to develop during the Roman period. The Roman Empire had an incredible variety of trademarks. Roman potters alone used approximately 6,000 trademarks. Additionally, Roman authors had a sense that their intellectual creations were ____(B)____, as they complained about the exploitation of those creations. Their sense of injustice was probably heightened by the fact that there were laws and traditions in place that supported their belief that only they could exploit their creations. Roman authors could, in fact, make money from the copying and publishing of their works because the value of their intellectual creations was recognized.

The idea of protecting intellectual activity and creation has deep roots. The ancient Greeks used an awards system to ____(A)____ design achievements, which performed some of the same functions as the modern patent system. Their pottery, sculptures, and other manufactured goods had symbols on them to note the tradesmen who created them, which are the predecessors of modern trademarks. Similar marks and symbols functioning as trademarks have been found on Chinese pottery, possibly dating as far back as 2698 BCE, and in many other ancient societies, including the Egyptians, the Assyrians, and the Vedic civilization.
The concept of intellectual property continued to develop during the Roman period. The Roman Empire had an incredible variety of trademarks. Roman potters alone used approximately 6,000 trademarks. Additionally, Roman authors had a sense that their intellectual creations were ____(B)____, as they complained about the exploitation of those creations. Their sense of injustice was probably heightened by the fact that there were laws and traditions in place that supported their belief that only they could exploit their creations. Roman authors could, in fact, make money from the copying and publishing of their works because the value of their intellectual creations was recognized.

(A)
Richard was watching people on the street through the window. Skirts were bouncing lightly and pants were dancing delightedly in the seasonable weather as the spring breeze chased them playfully. Some seemed excited, walking like racing cars between passersby. He had ordered two black coffees, one for himself and one for his friend, Julie. She was running late, but the service was fast. The hot coffees were promptly placed in front of (a) him.

(B)
Handing a spray can of cream over to Richard, the waiter said, “Add it now if you want.” Richard couldn’t help asking him why. (b) The blue-shirted man answered, “Actually, hotter coffee loses energy faster than coffee cooled slightly by the addition of cream.” “Really? Is that so?” The waiter kindly smiled and said, “Yeah, I just learned it when I took a class about coffee.” He also taught (c) his customer how to make shapes with the cream. Richard paid close attention to his explanation.

(C)
Looking at the coffees, Richard remembered that Julie liked whipped cream on top of her hot coffee. He was wondering if it was better to put the cream on now, or wait till she arrived. “Since the cream is cold, it’ll cool down the coffee faster,” he reasoned. Beep! It was a text message from her. “I’ll be there in 5 minutes. Please put some cream on my coffee.” He was startled, because she seemed to know what he was thinking about. (d) Richard called over a waiter wearing a blue shirt and asked him for whipped cream.

(D)
Richard thanked the waiter. Following his instructions, Richard made a flower with the cream. He tried to be as precise as he could. No sooner had he completed his masterpiece, Julie stepped into the cafe. As she sat down, she saw her coffee. “Wow, look at that! A white flower in the cup! It looks so beautiful, Richard! It’s too lovely to drink,” his friend said. “Try it,” (e) the happy man urged her. She tasted it. “This coffee is absolutely delicious, too!” Talking and laughing over coffee, they enjoyed the fabulous spring day.

(A)
Richard was watching people on the street through the window. Skirts were bouncing lightly and pants were dancing delightedly in the seasonable weather as the spring breeze chased them playfully. Some seemed excited, walking like racing cars between passersby. He had ordered two black coffees, one for himself and one for his friend, Julie. She was running late, but the service was fast. The hot coffees were promptly placed in front of (a) him.

(B)
Handing a spray can of cream over to Richard, the waiter said, “Add it now if you want.” Richard couldn’t help asking him why. (b) The blue-shirted man answered, “Actually, hotter coffee loses energy faster than coffee cooled slightly by the addition of cream.” “Really? Is that so?” The waiter kindly smiled and said, “Yeah, I just learned it when I took a class about coffee.” He also taught (c) his customer how to make shapes with the cream. Richard paid close attention to his explanation.

(C)
Looking at the coffees, Richard remembered that Julie liked whipped cream on top of her hot coffee. He was wondering if it was better to put the cream on now, or wait till she arrived. “Since the cream is cold, it’ll cool down the coffee faster,” he reasoned. Beep! It was a text message from her. “I’ll be there in 5 minutes. Please put some cream on my coffee.” He was startled, because she seemed to know what he was thinking about. (d) Richard called over a waiter wearing a blue shirt and asked him for whipped cream.

(D)
Richard thanked the waiter. Following his instructions, Richard made a flower with the cream. He tried to be as precise as he could. No sooner had he completed his masterpiece, Julie stepped into the cafe. As she sat down, she saw her coffee. “Wow, look at that! A white flower in the cup! It looks so beautiful, Richard! It’s too lovely to drink,” his friend said. “Try it,” (e) the happy man urged her. She tasted it. “This coffee is absolutely delicious, too!” Talking and laughing over coffee, they enjoyed the fabulous spring day.

(A)
Richard was watching people on the street through the window. Skirts were bouncing lightly and pants were dancing delightedly in the seasonable weather as the spring breeze chased them playfully. Some seemed excited, walking like racing cars between passersby. He had ordered two black coffees, one for himself and one for his friend, Julie. She was running late, but the service was fast. The hot coffees were promptly placed in front of (a) him.

(B)
Handing a spray can of cream over to Richard, the waiter said, “Add it now if you want.” Richard couldn’t help asking him why. (b) The blue-shirted man answered, “Actually, hotter coffee loses energy faster than coffee cooled slightly by the addition of cream.” “Really? Is that so?” The waiter kindly smiled and said, “Yeah, I just learned it when I took a class about coffee.” He also taught (c) his customer how to make shapes with the cream. Richard paid close attention to his explanation.

(C)
Looking at the coffees, Richard remembered that Julie liked whipped cream on top of her hot coffee. He was wondering if it was better to put the cream on now, or wait till she arrived. “Since the cream is cold, it’ll cool down the coffee faster,” he reasoned. Beep! It was a text message from her. “I’ll be there in 5 minutes. Please put some cream on my coffee.” He was startled, because she seemed to know what he was thinking about. (d) Richard called over a waiter wearing a blue shirt and asked him for whipped cream.

(D)
Richard thanked the waiter. Following his instructions, Richard made a flower with the cream. He tried to be as precise as he could. No sooner had he completed his masterpiece, Julie stepped into the cafe. As she sat down, she saw her coffee. “Wow, look at that! A white flower in the cup! It looks so beautiful, Richard! It’s too lovely to drink,” his friend said. “Try it,” (e) the happy man urged her. She tasted it. “This coffee is absolutely delicious, too!” Talking and laughing over coffee, they enjoyed the fabulous spring day.