Karim was deep within the dense forest alone. He began to notice the strangeness of his surroundings. Scared, he hid under a tree, and he heard the “thump-thump” sound. Moments later, he saw a large elephant running toward him! He trembled uncontrollably and could hardly move. Suddenly, he remembered what he had read about elephants: Elephants are scared of loud noises. He also thought of the firecrackers in his pack. Quick as a flash, he lit them. The firecrackers burst with a loud noise,scaring away the elephant. Then, Karim ran away as fast as he could. By the time he reached his campsite, he was sure there was nothing dangerous around him. He could finally breathe easily. He put his hand on his chest, feeling his heartbeat slow back to its normal pace.

We try to avoid uncertainty by overanalyzing. But we don’t have complete control over how the future will play out. You may feel that if you can just answer your “worry question” once and for all, you will be satisfied and you can finally drop your rumination, but has this ever actually happened to you? Has there ever been an answer that allowed you to stop worrying? There is only one way out of this spiral, and that is not to try to gain control, but to give it up. Instead of pushing back against uncertainty, embrace it. Instead of trying to answer your worry question, deliberately practice leaving it unanswered. Don’t ask others and don’t think about it. Tell yourself that analysis is not the solution, but really just more of the same problem.

* rumination: 반추(反芻) ** spiral: 소용돌이

Journalists love to report studies that are at the “initial findings” stages — research that claims to be the first time anyone has discovered a thing — because there is newsworthiness in their novelty. But “first ever” discoveries are extremely vulnerable to becoming undermined by subsequent research. When that happens, the news media often don’t go back and inform their audiences about the change — assuming they even hear about it. Kelly Crowe, a CBC News reporter writes, quoting one epidemiologist, “There is increasing concern that in modern research, false findings may be the majority or even the vast majority of published research claims.” She goes on to suggest that journalists, though blameworthy for this tendency, are aided and abetted by the scientists whose studies they cite. She writes that the “conclusions” sections in scientific abstracts can sometimes be overstated in an attempt to draw attention from prestigious academic journals and media who uncritically take their bait. Even so, Crowe ends her piece by stressing that there is still an incompatibility between the purposes and processes of news and science: Science ‘evolves,’ but news ‘happens.’

* epidemiologist: 전염병학자 ** aid and abet: 방조하다

To overcome death as the obstacle that was hindering the evolution of human intelligence, our ancestors developed the killer app that propelled our species forward, ahead of all others: namely, spoken and written language in words and maths. I believe communication was, and still is, our most valuable invention. It has helped us preserve the knowledge, learning, discoveries and intelligence we have gained and pass them on from person to person and from generation to generation. Imagine if Einstein had had no way of telling the rest of us about his remarkable understanding of the theory of relativity. In the absence of our incredible abilities to communicate, each and every one of us would need to discover relativity on his or her own. Leaps of human intelligence have happened, then, as a response to the way human society and culture developed. A lot of our intelligence resulted from our interaction with each other, and not just in response to our environments.

By the start of the 16th century, the Renaissance movement had given birth to the Protestant Reformation and an era of profound religious change. The art of this period reflected the disruption caused by this shift. Appropriately named the Baroque, meaning irregular or distorted, European painting in the 16th century largely focused on capturing motion, drama, action, and powerful emotion. Painters employed the strong visual tools of dramatic composition, intense contrast of light and dark, and emotionally provocative subject matter to stir up feelings of disruption. Religious subjects were often portrayed in this era through new dramatic visual language, a contrast to the reverential portrayal of religious figures in earlier traditions. In order to capture the social disruption surrounding Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church, many artists abandoned old standards of visual perfection from the Classical and Renaissance periods in their portrayal of religious figures.

* Protestant Reformation: 종교 개혁 ** reverential: 경건한

Chimpanzees are known to hunt and eat red colobus monkeys. Although a solo male typically initiates a hunt, others often join in, and hunting success is much higher when chimps hunt as a group rather than individually. During the hunt, chimpanzees adopt different roles: one male might flush the monkeys from their refuge, while another blocks the escape route. Somewhere else, an ambusher hides, ready to make his deadly move. Although this sounds a lot like teamwork, recent work offers a simpler interpretation. Chimps are more likely to join others for hunts because larger hunting groups increase each individual’s chance of catching a monkey — they aren’t interested in collective goals. The appearance of specialised roles in the hunt may also be an illusion: a simpler explanation is that each chimp places himself where his own chance of catching a monkey is highest, relative to the positions the others have already taken. Collaboration in chimps seems to emerge from an ‘every chimp for himself’ mentality.

* refuge: 은신처 ** ambusher: 복병

The table above shows the share of new cars in the EU by fuel type in 2018 and in 2020. ① Compared to 2018, the share of both gasoline and diesel cars decreased in 2020. ② However, gasoline cars still held the largest share of new cars in 2020,followed by diesel vehicles, which made up more than a quarter of new cars in the same year. ③ Hybrid electric cars increased by 7.9 percentage points in the share of new cars from 2018 to 2020. ④ In 2018, the share of new cars powered by alternative fuels was larger than that of battery electric cars, but in 2020, the share of battery electric cars was more than twice that of cars using alternative fuels. ⑤ Plug-in hybrid vehicles were the only type of vehicle which accounted for less than 1% of new cars in 2018, and their share remained the smallest among all types of vehicle in 2020.

Antonia Brico was born in the Netherlands in 1902 and immigrated to the United States at the age of six. After attending a park concert when she was young, she was so inspired that she made up her mind to study music and become a conductor. In 1927, she entered the Berlin State Academy of Music and became the first American to graduate from its master class in conducting. In 1930, Brico made her debut as a professional conductor, for which she received positive reviews. She made an extensive European tour, and during the tour she was invited by Jean Sibelius to conduct the Helsinki Symphony Orchestra. Brico settled in Denver, where she continued to work as a conductor of the Denver Businessmen’s Orchestra, later renamed the Brico Symphony Orchestra. In 1974, her most famous student, folk singer Judy Collins, made a documentary film about her, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

The actual problems with monopolies are caused by statism, not capitalism. Under a statist social system, taxes, subsidies, tariffs, and regulations often serve to protect existing large players in the marketplace. Those players often use crony tactics to retain or expand the protections: a new tariff preventing foreign competition, a subsidy making it harder for new players ① to compete with them, or a regulatory measure that a large company has the resources to comply with. Under a capitalist social system, on the other hand, the government has no say in how ② dominantly a company may become in its industry or how companies take over and merge with one another. Furthermore, a capitalist society doesn’t have rights-violating taxes, tariffs, subsidies, or regulations ③ favoring anybody nor does it have antitrust laws. Under capitalism, dominance can only be achieved by becoming really good at ④ what you’re doing. And to maintain dominance, you have to continue to stay ahead of the competition, which sees your dominance and profits as a sign ⑤ that there is money to be made by others as well.

* statism: 국가 통제주의 ** crony: 정실(사사로운 정에 이끌리는 일)
*** antitrust law: 독점 금지법

One of the most productive strategies to build customer relationships is to increase the firm’s share of customer rather than its market share. This strategy involves abandoning the old notions of ① acquiring new customers and increasing transactions to focus instead on more fully serving the needs of existing customers. Financial services are a great example of this. Most consumers purchase financial services from ② different firms. They bank at one institution, purchase insurance from another, and handle their investments elsewhere. To ③ solidify this purchasing pattern, many companies now offer all of these services under one roof. For example, Regions Financial Corporation offers retail and commercial banking, trust, mortgage, and insurance products to customers in a network of more than 1,500 offices. The company tries to more fully serve the financial needs of its ④ current customers, thereby acquiring a larger share of each customer’s financial business. By creating these types of relationships, customers have ⑤ little incentive to seek out competitive firms to fulfill their financial services needs.

Not only was Eurasia by chance blessed with biological abundance, but the very ______________ of the continent greatly promoted the spread of crops between distant regions. When the supercontinent Pangea fragmented, it was torn apart along rifts that just so happened to leave Eurasia as a broad landmass running in an east-west direction — the entire continent stretches more than a third of the way around the world, but mostly within a relatively narrow range of latitudes. As it is the latitude on the Earth that largely determines the climate and length of the growing season, crops domesticated in one part of Eurasia can be transplanted across the continent with only minimal need for adaptation to the new locale. Thus wheat cultivation spread readily from the uplands of Turkey throughout Mesopotamia, to Europe, and all the way round to India, for example. The twin continents of the Americas, by contrast, lie in a north-south direction. Here, the spreading of crops originally domesticated in one region to another led to a much harder process of re-adapting the plant species to different growing conditions.

* fragment: 조각나다 ** rift: 갈라진 틈

When you are born, your neocortex knows almost nothing. It doesn’t know any words, what buildings are like, how to use a computer, or what a door is and how it moves on hinges. It has to learn countless things. The overall structure of the neocortex is not random. Its size, the number of regions it has, and how they are connected together is largely determined by our genes. For example, genes determine what parts of the neocortex are connected to the eyes, what other parts are connected to the ears, and how those parts connect to each other. Therefore, we can say that the neocortex is structured at birth to see, hear, and even learn language. But it is also true that the neocortex doesn’t know what it will see, what it will hear, and what specific languages it might learn. We can think of the neocortex as starting life __________________________________________ but knowing nothing in particular. Through experience, it learns a rich and complicated model of the world.

* neocortex: (대뇌의) 신피질

While early clocks marked only the hour or quarter-hour, by 1700 most clocks had acquired minute hands, and by 1800 second hands were standard. This unprecedented ability to measure time precisely __________________________________________, which became a prime weapon of the Industrial Revolution. As the historian of technology Lewis Mumford argued, “the clock, not the steam engine, is the key-machine of the modern industrial age.” Soon factory workers were clocking in, filling out timesheets, and being punished for lateness. With time sliced into smaller and smaller periods, business owners could measure the speed of their workers down to the second, and gradually increase the pace of the production line. Workers who tried to reject this strict control by “going slow” were swiftly fired. The cruel power of the clock fed the growing culture of utilitarian efficiency, so brilliantly depicted by Charles Dickens in his 1854 novel Hard Times, where the office of Mr. Gradgrind contained “a deadly statistical clock in it, which measured every second with a beat like a rap upon a coffin-lid.”

* rap: 두드림 ** coffin-lid: 관 뚜껑

Imagine some mutation appears which makes animals spontaneously die at the age of 50. This is unambiguously disadvantageous —but only very slightly so. More than 99 per cent of animals carrying this mutation will never experience its ill effects because they will die before it has a chance to act. This means that it’s pretty likely to remain in the population — not because it’s good, but because the ‘force of natural selection’ at such advanced ages is not strong enough to get rid of it. Conversely, if a mutation killed the animals at two years, striking them down when many could reasonably expect to still be alive and producing children, evolution would get rid of it very promptly: animals with the mutation would soon be outcompeted by those fortunate enough not to have it, because the force of natural selection is powerful in the years up to and including reproductive age. Thus, problematic mutations can accumulate, just so long as _______________________________________.

* mutation: 돌연변이

What characterizes philosophy and science in early modern Europe and marks a break from earlier traditions is the concern to tailor theories to evidence rather than authority or tradition. ① Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and others formulated explanations of the heavens, of the natural world around them, and of human nature and society not by appealing to the proclamations of earlier thinkers. ② Nor were religious principles and ecclesiastic dogma their guiding lights. ③ Rather, they took their lead from reason ― what some thinkers called “the light of nature” ― and experience. ④ The fierce debates on the superiority of reason or experience continued, but all serious thinkers ultimately abandoned experience in the development of modern science and philosophy. ⑤ Whether they proceeded according to the logic of deduction or through the analysis of empirical data, the modern scientific method they developed consists in testing theories according to reason and in light of the available evidence.

* ecclesiastic dogma: 교회의 교리 ** deduction: 연역

What are some characteristics of cities that must be maintained even if the population decreases? If this question can be answered, a new city model can be proposed based on the concept. Here, we focus on productivity and diversity as characteristics of cities.

(A) Given that gold mining cities and coal mining cities have risen and fallen, their vulnerability is obvious. A city where various people gather in various industries is secure against social changes. The same is true in the natural world, and the importance of biodiversity is essential for the sustainability of the species.

(B) This is because ensuring productivity and diversity is the driving force for sustainability. For example, if there is a place to work, people gather and work there, and the population gradually accumulates to form a city. However, the industrial structure that depends on a single industry is vulnerable to social changes.

(C) The same is true in cities. In a society where people of all ages and income levels live together, and diverse industries coexist while depending on each other, cities will continue to exist overcoming environmental changes such as population decline.

Both ancient farmers and foragers suffered seasonal food shortages. During these periods children and adults alike would go to bed hungry some days and everyone would lose fat and muscle.

(A) Typically, in complex ecosystems when weather one year proves unsuitable for one set of plant species, it almost inevitably suits others. But in farming societies when harvests fail as a result of, for example, a sustained drought, then catastrophe emerges.

(B) This is firstly because foragers tended to live well within the natural limits imposed by their environments, and secondly because where farmers typically relied on one or two staple crops, foragers in even the harshest environments relied on dozens of different food sources and so were usually able to adjust their diets to align with an ecosystem’s own dynamic responses to changing conditions.

(C) But over longer periods of time farming societies were far
more likely to suffer severe, existentially threatening
famines than foragers. Foraging may be much less
productive and generate far lower energy yields than
farming but it is also much less risky.

* forager: 수렵 채집인 ** catastrophe: 참사 *** staple: 주요한

At the same time, the lack of knowledge proved to be important for stabilizing political and social order.

Power and knowledge, as well as ignorance, are interconnected in a productive and constitutive relationship. ( ① ) Rulers know that power cannot be executed without knowledge — mortality tables, tax data, and the like are crucial to running an effective public administration — and conquerors have understood that information is essential for dominating a territory. ( ② ) Since the twentieth century, Western societies have defined themselves as knowledge societies, where knowledge is essential for social organization and productivity. ( ③ ) For instance, secrets were essential to creating legitimacy in the early modern period, when individuals believed the world was created and ruled by divine power. ( ④ ) By concealing the circumstances of their decisions, rulers cultivated a special aura that set them apart from ordinary people and made them seem more like unknowable gods. ( ⑤ ) The complementary relationship between knowledge and ignorance is perhaps most exposed in transitional societies seeking to first disrupt and then stabilize social and political order.

By a fortunate coincidence, elements and materials that we use in large amounts need less natural concentration than those that we use in small amounts.

Ore deposits represent work that nature does for us. ( ① ) For instance, Earth’s crust contains an average of about 55 ppm (parts per million) of copper, whereas copper ore deposits must contain about 5,000 ppm (0.5%) copper before we can mine them. ( ② ) Thus, geologic processes need to concentrate the average copper content of the crust by about 100 times to make a copper ore deposit that we can use. ( ③ ) We then use industrial processes to convert copper ore into pure copper metal, an increase of about 200 times. ( ④ ) Thus, we are likely to have larger deposits of mineral commodities that we use in large amounts. ( ⑤ ) As long as energy costs remain high, the relation between work that we can afford to do and work that we expect nature to do will control the lower limit of natural concentrations that we can exploit, and this puts very real limits on our global mineral resources.

* ore deposit: 광상(광물이 집적된 곳) ** Earth’s crust: 지각(地穀)
*** copper: 구리

Martin Grunwald, leader of the Haptic Research Laboratory at the University of Leipzig, feels psychologists do not pay nearly enough attention to our sense of touch. With this in mind, he researched the way people spontaneously touch their faces. We all do it. You might be doing it right now while reading this. These movements are not for communication and, in most cases, we are not even aware of them. But that does not mean they serve no purpose, as Grunwald discovered. He measured the brain activity of test subjects while they tried to remember a sequence of haptic stimuli for five minutes. When he disturbed them with unpleasant noises, the subjects dramatically increased the rate at which they touched their faces. When the noises upset the rhythm of their brains and threatened to disrupt the subjects’ concentration, self-touch helped them get their concentration back on track. To put it another way: self-touch grounded their minds.

* haptic: 촉각의

Even though touching our own faces seems to serve no special purpose, the research showed that the rate of subjects’ self-touch _____(A)_____ in accordance with the exposure to unpleasant noises, and this behavior helped their minds stay _____(B)_____ .

윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins and zoologist John Krebs, in a now classic 1978 paper, point out that deceptive signaling is, itself, an evolutionary adaptation, a trait that developed in our earliest animal ancestors, to gain survival and reproductive benefits. (Think about how hostile mammalian and avian vocalizations are built upon size bluffing through lowered pitch and noisy growling — a “dishonest signal.”) According to Dawkins and Krebs, such false signaling is (a) found in all animal communication: the colors flashed by butterflies, the calls of crickets, the pheromones released by moths and ants, the body postures of lizards, and our acoustic signals. Nature is deceitful. Creatures will do what they can to not die — at least until they’ve (b) succeeded in winning a mate and passing along their genes.
But at the same time, Dawkins and Krebs tell us, the receivers of deceptive signals undergo their own coevolutionary “selection pressure” for detecting false communications. The coevolution of voice and ear initiated a biological “arms race.” The “manipulating” vocalizer evolves, over vast spans of evolutionary time, finer and finer means for faking, by (c) abandoning greater neurological control over the vocal apparatus. Meanwhile, the listener, who has his own survival concerns, gets (d) better at picking out the particular blend of pitch, rhythm, timbre and volume that marks the vocalizer as a deceiver. This (e) compels the sender to further refine his “manipulations,” which creates further pressure on the receiver to improve his acoustic “mindreading.”

* bluff: 허세 부리다 ** vocal apparatus: 발성 기관

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins and zoologist John Krebs, in a now classic 1978 paper, point out that deceptive signaling is, itself, an evolutionary adaptation, a trait that developed in our earliest animal ancestors, to gain survival and reproductive benefits. (Think about how hostile mammalian and avian vocalizations are built upon size bluffing through lowered pitch and noisy growling — a “dishonest signal.”) According to Dawkins and Krebs, such false signaling is (a) found in all animal communication: the colors flashed by butterflies, the calls of crickets, the pheromones released by moths and ants, the body postures of lizards, and our acoustic signals. Nature is deceitful. Creatures will do what they can to not die — at least until they’ve (b) succeeded in winning a mate and passing along their genes.
But at the same time, Dawkins and Krebs tell us, the receivers of deceptive signals undergo their own coevolutionary “selection pressure” for detecting false communications. The coevolution of voice and ear initiated a biological “arms race.” The “manipulating” vocalizer evolves, over vast spans of evolutionary time, finer and finer means for faking, by (c) abandoning greater neurological control over the vocal apparatus. Meanwhile, the listener, who has his own survival concerns, gets (d) better at picking out the particular blend of pitch, rhythm, timbre and volume that marks the vocalizer as a deceiver. This (e) compels the sender to further refine his “manipulations,” which creates further pressure on the receiver to improve his acoustic “mindreading.”

* bluff: 허세 부리다 ** vocal apparatus: 발성 기관

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?