based on random choice or personal whim, and not on any reason or system
As the city had grown rapidly, its roads were designed in a disorganized and arbitrary fashion.
consult
to ask for help or advice from someone
After the hiker consulted the map, he decided to go north.
consumer
a person who pays for goods and services for personal use
When shopping, you should be a smart consumer and compare prices.
device
a thing made for a certain purpose, especially mechanical or electronic equipment
No one knew how to work the device because there was no switch to turn it off or on.
expertise
special skill or knowledge in a particular field
He was a computer expertise so he can deal with any problems related to computers.
implicitly
not directly expressed
Such indications of will were implicitly obeyed, or were translated by the worshippers as their own caprice or interest indicated.
motive
a reason for doing something
His motive for studying so hard is to get into a good college.
neutral
not supporting either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.; impartial
Switzerland has stayed neutral in all major European wars.
occupation
a job or profession
Her occupation is a dentist.
passively
accepting or allowing what happens or what others do
He stood passively. Many thought it was a sign of weakness.
presumably
very likely, though not known for certain presumably this is where the accident happened
revenue
income, especially of a company or organization
The revenue from her income property was not sufficient to cover her expenses.
shift
to change position, direction, or tendency
Julie shifted her position slightly.
underestimate
to guess that something is smaller or less important than it really is
We lost the game because we underestimated the other team's skill.
undertaking
a task or project
Einstein was not motivated by the things we often associate with scientific undertakings.
voluntary
done by one's own choice voluntary muscles are tied to bones by tendons.
abandonment
the act of leaving or taking away support
Sometimes, abandonment is considered a form of child abuse.
accumulated
increased or built up in quantity over time
The specific combinations of foods in a cuisine constitute a deep reservoir of accumulated wisdom about diet and health and place.
automatically
naturally and spontaneously, without conscious thought
The computer in some cameras can automatically control the shutter opening.
catastrophe
an event causing great and often sudden damage or suffering; a disaster
A lot of people sent aid to that country after it was struck by the huge catastrophe and needed help.
communicative
ready to talk or give information
Young girls are commonly communicative to their friends.
complexity
the state or quality of being complicated
The complexity of the project required several departments to work together.
ethnicity
the state of belonging to a social group with common national or cultural traditions
Everyone was surprised when he stated that his ethnicity was Hispanic and not Caucasian.
hypothesize
to propose an explanation based on limited evidence, usually as the start of further inquiry
Everyone hypothesized about how the accident happened.
intensify
to become or make stronger or more intense
Violence intensified during the night.
parameter
a limit or boundary defining the scope of a process or activity
We had to work within the parameters that had already been established.
psychologically
of or related to the mental and emotional state of a person
She was physically delicate and psychologically unstable.
resolution
a solution to a problem or disagreement
My resolution is to stop drinking coffee.
revelation
a surprising and previously unknown fact
A true revelation is something that is deeply understood in the heart.
significantly
in a way that is important and worthy of attention
The climate of the Earth varies significantly from North to South and according to elevation.
traditionally
of or about the longestablished or inherited way of thinking or acting traditionally, a kebab was made from roasted or grilled lamb.
violation
the act of breaking a rule, law, agreement, or understanding
The judge sent her to jail because she had over 30 traffic violations.
aggregate
to gather together to form a whole
The employees must aggregate their incomes in order to determine the company's total profits.
clause
a part of a treaty, bill, or contract
The rent clause in my apartment lease says I must pay on the first day of each month.
code
a set of rules or guidelines related to behavior or activity in a particular area
Right and wrong are often defined differently by individuals who each have a unique moral code.
coherent
logical and consistent; making sense
We find that the solutions to independent clues link together in a consistent and supportive way to form a coherent unity.
commission
a group of people with an official function
The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison.
compile
to collect and combine in order to produce something
She compiled some of the author’s less known short stories into a book.
compound
to make something worse; to make the negative aspects of something more intense
Our difficulties were compounded by the language barrier.
consent
permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
She had married without consent.
constitution
the basic principles by which a state or other organization operates
The constitution of the United States grants freedom of religion for its people.
emerging
new; just recently becoming known
By measuring the change in the speed and size of the emerging signal, the moisture and porosity of the cheese can be mapped.
hypothetically
supposed but not necessarily real or true; in theory
But hypothetically, immortality is in fact another way of reducing the difference.
implement
to put a decision, plan, agreement, etc. into effect
The school implemented a new uniform policy for its students.
inviolable
(of a law or right) safe from being broken or infringed upon; guaranteed
Freedom of the media is an inviolable element of democracy.
reluctant
hesitant and unwilling to do something
The mind may be reluctant to think properly when thinking is all it is supposed to do.
suspend
to stop from being in force or effect, usually temporarily
The oil company suspended production until it was sure the factory was safe.
terminate
to bring to an end, especially an agreement or period of employment
He was terminated by the company last week.
appreciation
the recognition and enjoyment of the good qualities of someone or something
She shows little appreciation of good music.
coincide
to agree with something; to be the same in some ways
My birthday coincides with Christmas.
construction
the building of something, typically a large structure
The road was blocked because of the construction.
consumption
the using up of a resource
Cold temperatures increase fuel consumption for heating homes.
external
belonging to or forming the outer surface or structure of something
When there is no compelling external explanation for one’s words, saying becomes believing.
framework
a basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text
His ideas fit into the framework of a successful business plan.
infrastructure
the basic structures of a place, organization, system, etc.
Rome’s agricultural production could not provide sufficient energy to maintain its infrastructure and the welfare of its citizens.
innovative
featuring new ideas and methods; advanced and original
His innovative way of thinking got him a top position in the company.
legislation
laws passed by a government
The president vetoed the legislation, forcing the law makers to compromise in order to pass the bill.
misconduct
unacceptable or improper behavior
The company can dismiss its employees in case of misconduct.
mode
a way in which something occurs or is experienced, expressed, or done
This computer goes into sleep mode after five minutes.
network
a group or system of interconnected people or things
I joined an information network, but I’m having trouble logging on.
occurrence
an incident or event
A complete eclipse of the sun is a very rare occurrence.
offset
to make up for or balance something by having an opposing force or effect; to counteract
Increased wages are offset by higher prices for goods.
revolution
a very great change
The revolution in Russia led to the creation of the Soviet Union.
sustainable
able to continue at a certain rate or level
Building materials should be sustainable and energyefficient.
administrator
a person responsible for running a business, organization, etc.
Sara works as a school administrator.
assemble
to gather together in one place for a common purpose
The parents assembled to discuss ways to improve their children's education.
attributable
considered to be caused by something
Their illnesses are attributable to a poor diet
civil
relating to citizens and their concerns
Freedom of speech is one of the most important civil rights of people in the US.
commence
to begin; to start
His speech commenced with a "thank you" to all who had helped him succeed.
commitment
a promise to do something in the future
If your commitment becomes weak, remember your dream and why it is important to you.
comprehensive
complete; including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something
The company offered comprehensive training for everyone that was hired.
contemporary
belonging to or occurring in the present; modern
She chose to live in this city because she liked the contemporary buildings.
credit
to say that someone (or something) is responsible for something of good quality
The actor was credited with starting a movement in promoting foreign adoption.
evaluation
a judgment about the amount, number, value, or quality of something
Her yearly evaluation was very positive, so she got a big raise.
immigrant
a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
My parents were immigrants. They came from Poland.
interpret
to explain the meaning of something
Can you interpret the meaning of this story?
mechanism
the process by which something happens
I can’t open my car door because the locking mechanism is broke.
ongoing
continuing; still happening
I am involved in an ongoing program to help less fortunate children.
professional
of, relating to, or connected with a certain job or career
Most of the students at our school want to be professional athletes in the future!
subsidize
to support financially
Because she is a low income, single mother, the government subsidizes her rent.
adapt
to change to adjust to new conditions
She adapted to the new work setting.
convention
a way in which something is usually done, especially within a particular area or activity
In the US, a popular convention is to shake hands when you meet someone.
corporation
a large company
While teamwork is important within a corporation, management should come up with new compensation packages to help individuals to become champions.
domain
a sphere of influence or control
An empire is a vast kingdom or domain.
energetic
showing or involving great activity or vitality
The energetic puppy wanted to play all evening long.
eventual
occurring at the end of or as a result of a series of events; final; ultimate
The constant training and planning led the team to an eventual victory.
implication
a conclusion that can be drawn from something, although not explicitly stated
The Equal Rights Amendment had important implications for racial discrimination.
incapable
unable to do or achieve something
Our small garage is incapable of holding more than two cars.
insightful
showing deep understanding; perceptive
The witness was very insightful in the criminal.
institute
to start or establish something, especially a program, system, etc.
Peter had already determined to institute a most searching inquisition in order to get at the bottom of the mystery of the flight.
justify
to show or prove to be right or reasonable
The way she planned to justify her answer was quite creative.
legislate
to make laws
Senators have to legislate fairly, so most people will enjoy the benefits.
phenomenal
amazing; remarkable; extraordinary
The child's ability to play the piano is nothing short of phenomenal.
potentially
possibly; having a good chance of happening
These people can potentially cause major accidents.
precedence
the condition of having higher importance, order, or rank; priority
This task takes precedence of all others.
unmotivated
not having interest in or enthusiasm for something, especially work or study
It was a bad performance by an unmotivated team.
acknowledge
to accept or admit the existence or truth of something
Peter acknowledged his parents had been right about his study habits and wanted to do better.
adjacent
next to something else
The store was adjacent to the street corner.
administration
organization or department
The Bush administration claimed the standards set in the Protocol were unfair to developed countries.
analysis
detailed examination
The blood samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis.
anticipate
to guess what will happen and prepare
Her mom didn't anticipate the bad news from her daughter.
assign
to give a job or duty to someone
The mother assigned different household chores to her children.
concurrently
existing, happening, or done at the same time
He was jailed for 33 months to run concurrently with a sentence he is already serving for burglary.
consequently
as a result
I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had to watch my pennies on the second.
coordinator
the person in charge of planning and organization; manager
The wedding coordinator was relieved when the bride finally showed up at the church.
distinction
a difference or contrast between similar things or people
There was some distinction between their projects.
equation
a situation or problem in which many things must be considered
The great aspiration of modern societies has been to reverse this equation.
ethics
principles of right and wrong that control a person's or group's behavior
Her ethics keep her from doing immoral things.
paradigm
a typical example or pattern of something; a model
An accurate paradigm explains and guides.
preliminary
early; at the beginning; done in preparation for something
Before her surgery, the doctors wanted to run some preliminary tests.
regulation
a rule made and enforced by an authority
He exhibited extreme anger to the new regulations.
resolve
to settle or find a solution to a problem, disagreement, etc.
John resolved the misunderstanding with his friend.
constraint
a limit or restriction
Some people ignore all moral constraints in the pursuit of success.
currency
a system of money in general use in a country
If you travel to another country, you will need to convert your money to its currency.
depressed
experiencing general sadness and hopelessness
Rainy days always make me depressed.
evaluate
to form an idea of the amount, number, or value of; to assess
Joe and Ken evaluated the plan and agreed that it would work.
exploitation
the act of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from them
Railway development in West Virginia has been due largely to the exploitation of the coal and lumber resources of the state.
extract
to remove or take out, especially by effort or force
The perfume is made from essential oils that were extracted from tropical flowers.
indication
a sign or piece of information that points out or shows something
Seeing many dark clouds in the sky is usually an indication that it will rain soon.
insecurity
uncertainty or anxiety about oneself; lack of confidence
She loved human emotion, but she hated the doubt and insecurity she felt.
investment
a thing that is worth buying because it may be profitable or useful in the future
Ten years ago, my father made a large investment in real estate that turned him a nice profit.
liberally
in large amounts
He subscribed liberally for the building fund.
manipulative
able to control situations or people, usually for personal advantage
The Duke is manipulative and calculating.
objectivity
not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts
Before the introduction of the new technology, thoughtful objectivity had been most trusted.
participant
a person who takes part in something
There were thousands of participants in this year’s marathon.
scheme
a secret or dishonest plan
Charles and Lucie had been the unfortunate innocents caught up in a scheme of revenge.
target
a person, object, or place selected as the aim of an attack
Our target is to score 100% on the test.
unprincipled
not acting according to common ideas of right and wrong
Their position is irresponsible, unprincipled and hypocritical.
analogous
similar or comparable in certain ways
The relationship with his teacher was analogous to that of a son and mother.
channel
to lead toward or guide in a certain direction
Money for the project will be channelled through local government.
context
a circumstance or situation
They studied the context of the battle before giving their presentation.
conversely
in an opposite way
Children should respect their parents; conversely, parents should not aggravate their children.
correspondence
a close similarity, connection, or equivalence
So for the subway in New York, I saw a correspondence between riding the subway and reading.
decline
to become smaller, fewer, or less; to decrease
Our sales are declining due to the poor economy.
denote
to be a sign of; to indicate
The high quality of the water denotes the effectiveness of the water purification system.
document
to keep careful records of an event
Stephanie agreed to let her keep her existing clients, some photography, and documents and forms they had developed together.
endorse
to support or actively encourage
Members of all parties endorsed a ban on land mines.
enhancement
the act of improving or increasing something's value, quality, etc.
Music is merely an enhancement to the power of her words.
imagery
visual images
The author used a lot of descriptive words to express thoughtful imagery in his writing.
induce
to bring about or cause
Doctors said surgery could induce a heart attack.
journal
a publication that deals with a particular subject or group
Captain Cook kept a journal of his travels to Australia.
retain
to continue to have something; to keep something
Even by the afternoon, the day had retained the morning’s freshness.
retention
the continued keeping or use of something
Officials are focusing on job creation, not job retention.
so-called
commonly referred to by a certain name or term
His so-called illness was not an illness at all.
compute
to calculate a number or amount
The losses were computed at ￡5 million.
data
facts and information collected and used to calculate, analyze, or plan something
After gathering all the data, write a report.
deny
to say that something is untrue or does not exist
The boy denied that he broke the window.
imply
to suggest the truth or existence of something without stating it clearly
The professor seemed to imply the answer in his explanation.
infer
to form an idea about something from evidence and reasoning rather than from clear statements
Even though he didn’t confess, we can infer from the evidence that he is guilty.
initial
existing or occurring at the beginning; starting
As the initial waves hit Japan’s coast, thousands of people fled inland to higher ground.
invalidate
to prove that an argument, theory, or idea is wrong
This new piece of evidence invalidates his version of events.
orient
to adjust or point something in a certain direction, etc.
She was very family oriented and got married as soon as she graduated from college.
persist
to continue to exist; to last
The man persisted and finally won over the woman's heart.
proportion
a part or share of a whole
The proportion of salamanders to toads in this creek is 1 to 5, i.e. one salamander for every five toads.
range
the area between the highest and lowest values
Rainfall in the forest falls within the range of 2.4 to 5.6 inches a month, depending on the season.
reliance
dependence on or trust in someone or something
Her parents were surprised by the extent of her self-reliance.
reversal
a change to an opposite direction, position, or course of action
I am willing to try the role reversal.
statistically
of or relating to the collection and analysis of data and information statistically speaking, left-handedness lives longer too.
unresolved
not settled or decided as a solution to a problem or disagreement
The issue of nuclear waste is unresolved.
variability
changeable; the quality of having a wide variety of possible values, etc.
Solar variability plays a role in climate change.
assessment
the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something
Most courses have some kind of assessment to test how the students are performing.
assumption
something accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof
My assumption is that the dogs escaped by jumping over the fence.
dominance
power and influence over others
Large gorillas hit their chests to express their dominance over others.
dramatically
in a sudden and striking way; exciting or impressive
Actors always behave so dramatically about everything; it is hard to tell if they are sincere.
insufficiently
in a way that is not enough; inadequately
Food that is insufficiently cooked can lead to food poisoning.
logical
having the quality of clear, sound reasoning
Predicting the future does not make logical sense.
motivation
the reason(s) one has for acting or behaving in a certain way
He used the free trip as motivation to be the top salesman.
odds
the chances or likelihood of something happening or being the case
The odds are that we will be leaving by this afternoon.
proceed
to move forward, especially after reaching a certain point; to continue
Please restart the computer so that we can proceed out class.
projected
estimated or forecasted based on the current situation or trends
It is projected that the small company will go out of business in the next year or two.
prospect
the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring
The goal statement constituted the prospect of the company for the future.
rationalize
to try to explain or justify actions, attitudes, or beliefs with reasons
Twenty workers lost their jobs when the department was rationalized.
recovery
a return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength
His recovery from illness was spontaneous.
simulated
fake, but made to seem real
The experiments were carried out under simulated examination conditions.
technical
of or relating to mechanical processes or machines
You need the technical skills to operate that piece of machinery.
unfounded
having no foundation or basis in fact
He called that assessment unfounded and unseemly.
accompany
to be present or occur at the same time as something
Remy accompanied the policemen into the office.
assistance
help with a job or task
He is asking the woman behind the counter for assistance.
constrain
to limit the scope, extent, or activity of something
Jim cannot join us because he is constrained by previous plans.
devote
very loving or loyal; caring
We devoted our time and effort to educating orphaned children in Africa.
eliminate
to completely erase, remove, or destroy something
We need to eliminate all the ants in our house.
impose
to force something unwelcome or unfamiliar to be accepted
Some countries are imposing economic sanctions on the nation to pressure them to comply with international standards for human rights.
institution
an established organization
Banks are vital institutions that businesses and people use every day.
maturity
the state, fact, or period of being fully developed or grown up
He lacks maturity for his age and does not have many friends anymore.
redefine
to change the meaning of something; to give a new meaning to
The word "surfing" has been redefined from something you do on the ocean to do something you do on the Internet.
reliant
having a need for someone or something for support
Because of his deafness, the artist was largely reliant on the gestures of those he was communicating with.
residence
a person's home; the place where someone lives
Her residence was located three blocks from the beach.
restore
To restore something is to put it back the way it was.
Victor restored the old car.
stability
the state of being not likely to change or fail; permanence
The plane lost its stability in the turbulent air.
transition
a change from one state or condition to another
According to the theory of demographic transition, nations go through several developmental stages.
unprecedented
never done or known before; happening for the first time
The 20th century witnessed unprecedented new discoveries in technology.
utility
a service such as a supply of electricity, water, gas, etc. that is provided to the public
Most CO₂ comes from power utilities, industry, and transportation; much less comes from commercial and residential heating.
전화문의 070-4042-1075
